Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why fewer than 10% of all cancer cases are due to inherited germline factors?

Accepted Answer

Environmental and lifestyle factors interact with acquired genetic and epigenetic changes to cause most cancers.

Question 2

A 45-year-old male who works in a factory with exposure to aromatic amines and smokes cigarettes is diagnosed with bladder cancer. Which concept best describes the combined effect of his occupational and lifestyle exposures?

Accepted Answer

Synergistic interaction between environmental and genetic factors

Question 3

Which of the following is a plausible mechanism by which particulate matter (PM) in air pollution contributes to carcinogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of proinflammatory factors and induction of senescence

Question 4

A population exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) from atomic bomb fallout shows increased rates of acute leukemia and thyroid cancer. Which DNA lesion is considered the hallmark of IR exposure?

Accepted Answer

Double-strand DNA breaks

Question 5

Which equation best represents the relationship between cancer risk ($$R) $$and cumulative exposure to a carcinogen ($$E) $$over time ($$t$$), assuming a linear dose-response model?

Accepted Answer

$$R = k 	imes E 	imes t$$

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a cancer strongly associated with tobacco smoking?

Accepted Answer

Skin cancer

Question 7

A child exposed to secondhand smoke develops asthma and is at increased risk for which cancer?

Accepted Answer

Laryngeal cancer

Question 8

Which of the following dietary patterns is associated with reduced risk for mouth, pharynx, esophageal, lung, stomach, and colorectal cancers?

Accepted Answer

High fruit and vegetable diet

Question 9

Obesity is a risk factor for multiple cancers. Which mechanism best explains how obesity promotes tumor development?

Accepted Answer

Chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose-rich stromal compartments

Question 10

Which of the following viruses is most commonly associated with cervical cancer worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18

Question 11

A migrant population moves from a country with low cancer risk to a country with high cancer risk and adopts the Western diet. Which concept explains the change in cancer risk within a generation?

Accepted Answer

Environmental and dietary factors override genetic predisposition

Question 12

Which of the following is a recommended physical activity guideline for adults to reduce cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week

Question 13

Which of the following is a plausible mechanism by which alcohol increases cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acetaldehyde

Question 14

Which of the following cancers is most strongly linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori?

Accepted Answer

Stomach cancer

Question 15

Which of the following is a plausible effect of developmental plasticity during fetal development?

Accepted Answer

Genes organize physiologically or structurally in response to environmental conditions

Question 16

Which occupational exposure is most strongly associated with mesothelioma?

Accepted Answer

Asbestos

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible reason why children are more vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure?

Accepted Answer

Children have thinner skulls and immature nervous and immune systems

Question 18

Which of the following is a plausible effect of chronic UV exposure on skin cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Mutation of specific genes, oxidative stress, and reduced immune surveillance

Question 19

Which of the following microorganisms is linked to bladder cancer?

Accepted Answer

Schistosoma haematobium

Cancer Epidemiology: Environmental, Lifestyle, and Biological Risk Factors

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