Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry

Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 14th Edition

Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232Not the one you use?Change textbook

Brown 14th Edition

Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry

Problem 94

Chapter 3, Problem 94

The fluoride ion reacts with water to produce HF. (a) Write out the chemical equation for this reaction.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Identify the reactants and products. In this case, the reactants are the fluoride ion (F-) and water (H2O). The product is hydrofluoric acid (HF).

Step 2: Write the chemical equation with the reactants on the left and the products on the right. The arrow in the middle represents the direction of the reaction. So, the initial equation would look like this: F- + H2O -> HF

Step 3: Balance the equation. In this case, the equation is already balanced, as there is one atom of each element on both sides of the equation.

Step 4: Include the state of each substance. In this case, the fluoride ion is in aqueous solution (aq), water is a liquid (l), and hydrofluoric acid is also in aqueous solution (aq). So, the final balanced chemical equation is: F-(aq) + H2O(l) -> HF(aq)

Step 5: Note that this is a simplified version of the reaction. In reality, the fluoride ion reacts with water to produce hydrofluoric acid and a hydroxide ion (OH-), so the complete balanced equation would be: F-(aq) + H2O(l) -> HF(aq) + OH-(aq)

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction involves the transformation of reactants into products through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. In this case, the fluoride ion (F-) reacts with water (H2O) to form hydrofluoric acid (HF). Understanding the nature of reactants and products is essential for writing balanced chemical equations.

Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Fluoride ion (F-) is an example of an ionic species, while hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a molecular compound. Ionic compounds typically form from the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals, while molecular compounds result from the sharing of electrons. Recognizing the difference helps in predicting the behavior of substances in reactions.

Acid-Base Chemistry

The reaction of fluoride ion with water can be understood through the lens of acid-base chemistry, where HF acts as a weak acid. In this context, water can act as a base, accepting a proton (H+) from HF. This concept is crucial for understanding the properties of acids and bases in aqueous solutions.

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Textbook Question

Vanillin, the dominant flavoring in vanilla, contains C, H, and O. When 1.05 g of this substance is completely combusted, 2.43 g of CO2 and 0.50 g of H2O are produced. What is the empirical formula of vanillin?

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Textbook Question

Cinnamaldehyde is a compound that is responsible for the characteristic aroma of cinnamon. It contains 81.79% C, 6.10% H, and the remaining is oxygen. Its molar mass is 132 g/mol. Determine its molecular formula.

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Textbook Question

An organic compound was found to contain only C, H, and Cl. When a 1.50-g sample of the compound was completely combusted in air, 3.52 g of CO2 was formed. In a separate experiment, the chlorine in a 1.00-g sample of the compound was converted to 1.27 g of AgCl. Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

(a) One molecule of the antibiotic penicillin G has a mass of 5.342×10^-21 g. What is the molar mass of penicillin G?

Textbook Question

An element X forms an iodide (XI₃) and a chloride (XCl₃). The iodide is quantitatively converted to the chloride when it is heated in a stream of chlorine: 2 XI₃ + 3 Cl₂ → 2 XCl₃ + 3 I₂ If 0.5000 g of XI₃ is treated with chlorine, 0.2360 g of XCl₃ is obtained. (a) Calculate the atomic weight of the element X. (b) Identify the element X.

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Textbook Question

(b) Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, has four iron atoms per molecule and contains 0.340% iron by mass. Calculate the molar mass of hemoglobin.

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