Textbook Question
Consider a reaction A2(π) + B2(π) β 2 AB(π), atoms of A shown in red in the diagram and atoms of B shown in blue. (a) If πΎπ = 1, which box represents the system at equilibrium?
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Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement111
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions166
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry138
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution127
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry104
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms109
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements107
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding102
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories120
- Ch.10 - Gases122
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces79
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials102
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions99
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics153
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium83
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria109
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria117
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment60
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics109
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry113
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry79
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals52
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry57
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry7
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 19, Problem 5c
The accompanying diagram shows how entropy varies with temperature for a substance that is a gas at the highest temperature shown. (c) If this substance is a perfect crystal at T = 0 K, what is the value of S at this temperature?
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the concept of entropy (S) and its relation to temperature. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.
Recall the Third Law of Thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero (0 K) is exactly zero.
Understand that a perfect crystal is a substance with a perfectly ordered structure, meaning there is only one possible microstate.
Apply the Third Law to the given problem: since the substance is a perfect crystal at T = 0 K, the entropy S at this temperature is zero.
Conclude that the value of S at T = 0 K for a perfect crystal is 0 J/K.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Entropy
Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. In thermodynamics, it quantifies the number of microscopic configurations that correspond to a thermodynamic system's macroscopic state. Higher entropy indicates greater disorder, while lower entropy suggests more order. Understanding entropy is crucial for analyzing the behavior of substances at different temperatures.
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Third Law of Thermodynamics
The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that as the temperature of a perfect crystal approaches absolute zero (0 K), the entropy of the crystal approaches a constant minimum, which is typically zero. This principle implies that at absolute zero, a perfect crystal has no disorder, and thus its entropy is zero. This law is fundamental in understanding the behavior of materials at low temperatures.
Temperature and Phase Changes
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. As temperature changes, substances can undergo phase changes, affecting their entropy. For gases, the entropy increases significantly with temperature due to increased molecular motion and disorder. Recognizing how temperature influences entropy is essential for interpreting thermodynamic diagrams and understanding the state of a substance.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Which of the following processes are spontaneous and which are nonspontaneous: (d) lightning
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Textbook Question
b. If energy can flow in and out of the system to maintain a constant temperature during the process, what can you say about the entropy change of the surroundings as a result of this process?
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Textbook Question
Predict the signs of ΞH and ΞS for this reaction. Explain your choice.
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