Textbook Question
Consider the collection of nonmetallic elements O, P, Te, I, and B. (a) Which two would form the most polar single bond?
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Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement111
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions166
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry138
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution127
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry104
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms109
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements107
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding102
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories120
- Ch.10 - Gases122
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces79
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials102
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions99
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics153
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium83
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria109
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria117
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment60
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics109
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry113
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry79
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals52
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry57
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry7
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 8, Problem 88b
The substance chlorine monoxide, ClO(g), is important in atmospheric processes that lead to depletion of the ozone layer. The ClO molecule has an experimental dipole moment of 1.24 D, and the Cl—O bond length is 160 pm. (b) Based on the electronegativities of the elements, which atom would you expect to have a partial negative charge in the ClO molecule?
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the elements in the ClO molecule: chlorine (Cl) and oxygen (O).
Recall that electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons.
Consult a periodic table or electronegativity chart to find the electronegativities of Cl and O. Typically, oxygen has a higher electronegativity than chlorine.
Determine which atom has the higher electronegativity. The atom with the higher electronegativity will attract the shared electrons more strongly, resulting in a partial negative charge.
Conclude that the atom with the higher electronegativity in the ClO molecule will have the partial negative charge.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons in a chemical bond. In a molecule, the atom with higher electronegativity will attract the shared electrons more strongly, leading to a partial negative charge on that atom. For chlorine monoxide (ClO), comparing the electronegativities of chlorine and oxygen helps determine which atom will have the partial negative charge.
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Dipole Moment
A dipole moment is a vector quantity that represents the separation of positive and negative charges in a molecule. It is influenced by the difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms and the geometry of the molecule. The presence of a dipole moment in ClO indicates that there is an uneven distribution of electron density, which is crucial for understanding the polarity of the molecule and predicting the location of partial charges.
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Bond Length
Bond length is the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms, typically measured in picometers (pm). It is influenced by the size of the atoms and the type of bond formed. In the case of ClO, the bond length of 160 pm provides insight into the strength and characteristics of the Cl—O bond, which can also affect the molecule's polarity and the distribution of charges.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
A major challenge in implementing the 'hydrogen economy' is finding a safe, lightweight, and compact way of storing hydrogen for use as a fuel. The hydrides of light metals are attractive for hydrogen storage because they can store a high weight percentage of hydrogen in a small volume. For example, NaAlH4 can release 5.6% of its mass as H2 upon decomposing to NaH(s), Al(s), and H2(g). NaAlH4 possesses both covalent bonds, which hold polyatomic anions together, and ionic bonds. (c) Based on electronegativity differences, predict the identity of the polyatomic anion. Draw a Lewis structure for this ion.
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Textbook Question
(c) The measured dipole moment of BrCl is 0.57 D. If you assume the bond length in BrCl is the sum of the atomic radii, what are the partial charges on the atoms in BrCl using the experimental dipole moment?
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Textbook Question
Construct a Born–Haber cycle for the formation of the hypothetical compound NaCl2, where the sodium ion has a 2+ charge (the second ionization energy for sodium is given in Table 7.2). (a) How large would the lattice energy need to be for the formation of NaCl2 to be exothermic?
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Textbook Question
(b) Using these partial charges and the atomic radii given in Figure 7.8, estimate the dipole moment of the molecule.
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