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- The following ions all have the same number of electrons: Ti4+, Sc3+, Ca2+, S2-. Order them according to their expected sizes, and explain your answer.
Problem 54
- Which of the ions Se2-, F-, O2-, and Rb+ has the largest radius?
Problem 55
- Which group of elements in the periodic table has the largest first ionization energy (Ei1), and which group has the smallest? Explain.
Problem 56
- Which element in the periodic table has the smallest ionization energy? Which element has the largest ionization energy?
Problem 57
- Which element in each of the following sets has the smallest first ionization energy, and which has the largest? (a) Li, Ba, K (b) B, Be, Cl (c) Ca, C, Cl
Problem 58
- Order the elements in each set from the smallest to largest first ionization energy. (a) Na, I, P (b) P, Sr, Mg (c) Ca, Cs, Se
Problem 59
Problem 61a
(a) Which has the smaller fourth ionization energy, Sn or Sb?
Problem 61b
(b) Which has the larger sixth ionization energy, Se or Br?
- What is the likely identity of the second-row element with the first four ionization energies of 900, 1757, 14,849, and 21,007 kJ/mol?
Problem 65
- What is the relationship between the electron affinity of a singly charged cation such as Na+ and the ionization energy of the neutral atom?
Problem 66
- What is the relationship between the ionization energy of a singly charged anion such as Cl- and the electron affinity of the neutral atom?
Problem 67
- Which has the more negative electron affinity, Na or Cl?
Problem 68
- Which has the more negative electron affinity, Br or Br⁻?
Problem 69
- Why is energy usually released when an electron is added to a neutral atom but absorbed when an electron is removed from a neutral atom?
Problem 70
- Why does ionization energy increase regularly across the periodic table from group 1A to group 8A, whereas electron affinity increases irregularly from group 1A to group 7A and then falls dramatically for group 8A?
Problem 71
- Water superheated under pressure to 200 °C and 750 atm has Kw = 1.5 * 10-11. What is 3H3O+ 4 and 3OH-4 at 200 °C? Is the water acidic, basic, or neutral?
Problem 72
- Why does phosphorus have a less negative electron affinity than its neighbors silicon and sulfur?
Problem 73
Problem 74a,c,d
What noble-gas configurations and charge are the following elements likely to attain in reactions in which they form ions? (a) N (c) S (d) Br
Problem 74b
What noble-gas configurations and charge are the following elements likely to attain in reactions in which they form ions? (b) Ca
- What noble-gas configurations and charges are the following elements likely to attain in reactions in which they form ions? (a) I (b) O (c) Al (d) Ca
Problem 75
Problem 76a
Each of the following pairs of elements will react to form a binary ionic compound. Write the formula of each compound formed, and give its name. (a) Magnesium and chlorine
Problem 76b
Each of the following pairs of elements will react to form a binary ionic compound. Write the formula of each compound formed, and give its name. (b) Calcium and oxygen
Problem 76c
Each of the following pairs of elements will react to form a binary ionic compound. Write the formula of each compound formed, and give its name. (c) Lithium and nitrogen
Problem 76d
Each of the following pairs of elements will react to form a binary ionic compound. Write the formula of each compound formed, and give its name. (d) Aluminum and oxygen
Problem 77a
Each of the following pairs of elements will react to form a binary ionic compound. Write the formula of each compound formed, and give its name. (a) Sodium and iodine
Problem 77c
Each of the following pairs of elements will react to form a binary ionic compound. Write the formula of each compound formed, and give its name. (c) Lithium and nitrogen
Problem 77d
Each of the following pairs of elements will react to form a binary ionic compound. Write the formula of each compound formed, and give its name. (d) Barium and flourine
Problem 78b
Element X reacts with element Y to give a product containing X3+ ions and Y2-ions. (b) Is element Y likely to be a metal or a nonmetal? Explain.
Problem 78d
Element X reacts with element Y to give a product containing X3+ ions and Y2-ions. (d) In what groups of the periodic table are elements X and Y likely to be found?
- Element X reacts with element Y to give a product containing X2+ ions and Y- ions. (a) Is element X likely to be a metal or a nonmetal? Explain. (b) Is element Y likely to be a metal or a nonmetal? Explain. (c) In what groups of the periodic table are elements X and Y likely to be found?
Problem 79