Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

18. Molecular Genetic Tools

Methods for Analyzing DNA

Genetics

18. Molecular Genetic Tools

Methods for Analyzing DNA

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1:10 minutes

Problem E.7b

Textbook Question

The results shown are from a DNA test for four genes used in a paternity identification case. DNA for the mother (M) and her child (C) are shown along with DNA from two possible fathers, F1 and F2. Based on the exclusion principle, is either man excluded as the possible father? Explain.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the exclusion principle in paternity testing: a man can be excluded as the biological father if he does not share at least one allele with the child at any of the tested gene loci, considering the mother's contribution.

For each gene locus, compare the alleles of the mother (M) and the child (C) to determine which allele the child inherited from the mother and which allele must have come from the father.

At each locus, check the alleles of each possible father (F1 and F2) to see if they have at least one allele matching the child's paternal allele (the allele not inherited from the mother).

If a possible father lacks the paternal allele at any locus, he is excluded as the biological father based on the exclusion principle.

Summarize the findings by identifying if either F1 or F2 is excluded or if both remain possible fathers based on the allele comparisons across all loci.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Exclusion Principle in Paternity Testing

The exclusion principle states that if a man lacks one or more genetic markers that the child must have inherited from the father, he can be excluded as the biological father. This principle relies on comparing specific gene loci between the child, mother, and potential fathers to identify mismatches.

Genetic Markers and Alleles

Genetic markers are specific DNA sequences used to compare individuals in paternity tests. Each person inherits one allele from each parent at a gene locus. By analyzing these alleles in the mother, child, and potential fathers, one can determine if the child’s alleles could have come from the tested men.

Inheritance Patterns of Autosomal Genes

Autosomal genes are inherited equally from both parents, with one allele coming from the mother and one from the father. Understanding this pattern is essential to identify which alleles in the child must have originated from the father, enabling exclusion or inclusion of potential fathers based on allele matches.

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Textbook Question

A victim of murder is found to have scrapings containing skin cells under several of her fingernails. Genetic analysis confirms that the DNA isolated from these cells came from the same individual and does not match the DNA of the victim. The results shown below are for six CODIS STR markers from the crime scene DNA (from under the victim's fingernails and presumed to be the murderer's), and from three suspects (A, B, and C) who have been detained for questioning about the murder. Do the STR results exclude any of the three suspects? Explain.

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Textbook Question

The results shown are from a DNA test for four genes used in a paternity identification case. DNA for the mother (M) and her child (C) are shown along with DNA from two possible fathers, F1 and F2. What can you conclude based on the DNA results available?

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Textbook Question

The results shown are from a DNA test for four genes used in a paternity identification case. DNA for the mother (M) and her child (C) are shown along with DNA from two possible fathers, F1 and F2. In the 'C' column, label the DNA bands contributed by the mother with 'M' and the DNA bands contributed by the father with 'F.'

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As genetic testing becomes widespread, medical records will contain the results of such testing. Who should have access to this information? Should employers, potential employers, or insurance companies be allowed to have this information? Would you favor or oppose having the government establish and maintain a central database containing the results of individuals' genome scans?

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Textbook Question

Figure E.1 illustrates the results of an electrophoretic analysis of 13 CODIS STR markers on a DNA sample and identifies the alleles for each gene. Table E.2 lists the frequencies for alleles of three of the STRs shown in the figure. Use this information to calculate the frequency of the genotype for STR genes FGA, vWA, and D3S1358 given in Figure E.1.

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Might it make sense someday to sequence every newborn's genome at the time of birth? What are the potential advantages and concerns of this approach?

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