Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

21. Population Genetics

Hardy Weinberg

Genetics

21. Population Genetics

Hardy Weinberg

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2:04 minutes

Problem 10c

Textbook Question

Consider a population in which the frequency of allele A is p = 0.7 and the frequency of allele a is q = 0.3 and where the alleles are codominant. What will be the allele frequencies after one generation if the following occurs?
w_AA= 1, w_Aa= 0.99, w_aa= 0.98

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the problem. The question involves calculating allele frequencies after one generation under selection. The alleles A and a are codominant, meaning heterozygotes (Aa) have a distinct phenotype. Fitness values (wAA, wAa, waa) are provided for each genotype.

Step 2: Calculate the genotype frequencies before selection. Use the Hardy-Weinberg principle to determine the initial genotype frequencies: f(AA) = p², f(Aa) = 2pq, and f(aa) = q². Substitute p = 0.7 and q = 0.3 into these formulas.

Step 3: Apply the fitness values to adjust the genotype frequencies. Multiply each genotype frequency by its respective fitness value: f'(AA) = f(AA) * wAA, f'(Aa) = f(Aa) * wAa, and f'(aa) = f(aa) * waa. This gives the adjusted frequencies after selection.

Step 4: Normalize the adjusted genotype frequencies to ensure they sum to 1. Calculate the total frequency after selection: Total = f'(AA) + f'(Aa) + f'(aa). Then divide each adjusted frequency by this total to obtain the normalized frequencies.

Step 5: Calculate the new allele frequencies. Use the normalized genotype frequencies to determine the allele frequencies: p' = f'(AA) + 0.5 * f'(Aa) and q' = f'(aa) + 0.5 * f'(Aa). These are the allele frequencies after one generation.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Allele Frequency

Allele frequency refers to how often a particular allele appears in a population relative to the total number of alleles for that gene. In this case, the frequencies of alleles A and a are given as p=0.7 and q=0.3, respectively. Understanding allele frequencies is crucial for predicting genetic variation and evolutionary changes within a population.

Fitness and Selection

Fitness in genetics refers to the reproductive success of an organism relative to others in the population. The given fitness values (wAA, wAa, waa) indicate how well each genotype can survive and reproduce. This concept is essential for understanding how natural selection can influence allele frequencies over generations, as genotypes with higher fitness will contribute more to the next generation.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is a principle that describes the genetic variation in a population under certain conditions, where allele frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences. However, when selection pressures are applied, as indicated by the different fitness values, the equilibrium is disrupted, leading to changes in allele frequencies that can be calculated using the fitness values provided.

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Textbook Question

The ability to taste the bitter compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is an autosomal dominant trait. The inability to taste PTC is a recessive condition. In a sample of 500 people, 360 have the ability to taste PTC and 140 do not. Calculate the frequency of the recessive allele.

Consider a population in which the frequency of allele A is p = 0.7 and the frequency of allele a is q = 0.3 and where the alleles are codominant. What will be the allele frequencies after one generation if the following occurs?

w_AA= 0.8, w_Aa= 1, w_aa= 0.8

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Textbook Question

w_AA= 1, w_Aa= 0.95, w_aa= 0.9

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Textbook Question

Consider a population in which the frequency of allele A is p=0.7 and the frequency of allele a is q=0.3 and where the alleles are codominant. What will be the allele frequencies after one generation if the following occurs?

wAA=1, wAa=0.9, waa=0.8

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Textbook Question

The figure illustrates the effect of an ethanol-rich and an ethanol-free environment on the frequency of the Drosophila Adh^F allele in four populations in a 50-generation laboratory experiment. Population 1 and population 2 were reared for 50 generations in a high-ethanol environment, while control 1 and control 2 populations were reared for 50 generations in a zero-ethanol environment. Describe the effect of each environment on the populations, and state any conclusions you can reach about the role of any of the evolutionary processes in producing these effects.

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Textbook Question

If the initial allele frequencies are p = 0.5 and q = 0.5 and allele a is a lethal recessive, what will be the frequencies after 1, 5, 10, 25, 100, and 1000 generations?

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Consider a population in which the frequency of allele A is p = 0.7 and the frequency of allele a is q = 0.3 and where the alleles are codominant. What will be the allele frequencies after one generation if the following occurs?wAA = 1, wAa = 0.99, waa = 0.98

Key Concepts

Allele Frequency

Fitness and Selection

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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Consider a population in which the frequency of allele A is p = 0.7 and the frequency of allele a is q = 0.3 and where the alleles are codominant. What will be the allele frequencies after one generation if the following occurs?
w_AA= 1, w_Aa= 0.99, w_aa= 0.98