2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

Sex-Linked Genes

2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

Sex-Linked Genes

1:54 minutes

Problem 6d

Textbook Question

In Drosophila, the map positions of genes are given in map units numbering from one end of a chromosome to the other. The X chromosome of Drosophila is 66 m.u. long. The X-linked gene for body color—with two alleles, y⁺ for gray body and y for yellow body—resides at one end of the chromosome at map position 0.0. A nearby locus for eye color, with alleles w⁺ for red eye and w for white eye, is located at map position 1.5. A third X-linked gene, controlling bristle form, with f⁺ for normal bristles and f for forked bristles, is located at map position 56.7. At each locus the wild-type allele is dominant over the mutant allele.

Explain how each of the predicted progeny classes is produced.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the genetic setup: The problem involves three X-linked genes in Drosophila, each with a wild-type (dominant) and mutant (recessive) allele. The genes are located at specific map positions on the X chromosome: y⁺/y (body color) at 0.0 m.u., w⁺/w (eye color) at 1.5 m.u., and f⁺/f (bristle form) at 56.7 m.u.

Recognize the concept of recombination: The map positions indicate the likelihood of crossing over between genes during meiosis. The farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability of recombination between them. For example, y and w are close (1.5 m.u. apart), so recombination between them is rare, while y and f are far apart (56.7 m.u.), making recombination more likely.

Determine the parental and recombinant gametes: Parental gametes retain the original combinations of alleles (e.g., y⁺w⁺f⁺ or ywf), while recombinant gametes result from crossing over (e.g., y⁺wf or yw⁺f⁺). The frequency of each gamete type depends on the recombination rates derived from the map distances.

Predict progeny classes: The progeny classes are determined by the combinations of gametes from the parents. For example, if a heterozygous female (y⁺w⁺f/ywf) is crossed with a hemizygous male (ywf), the offspring will inherit one X chromosome from the mother and one from the father. The specific combinations of alleles in the progeny depend on whether the maternal gamete is parental or recombinant.

Explain the production of each progeny class: Parental progeny classes (e.g., y⁺w⁺f and ywf) result from gametes without crossing over, while recombinant progeny classes (e.g., y⁺wf or yw⁺f⁺) result from crossing over events. The relative frequencies of these classes reflect the map distances between the genes, with closer genes producing fewer recombinants and farther-apart genes producing more recombinants.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Genetic Linkage

Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of genes located close to each other on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. This is due to their physical proximity, which reduces the likelihood of recombination occurring between them. In the context of Drosophila, the proximity of the body color gene to the eye color gene suggests that they may be inherited together more frequently than genes that are farther apart, such as the bristle form gene.

Map Units and Recombination Frequency

Map units, or centimorgans (cM), are a measure of genetic distance based on the frequency of recombination between loci during meiosis. One map unit corresponds to a 1% chance of recombination occurring between two genes. In the given Drosophila example, the distances between the body color and eye color genes (1.5 m.u.) and the bristle form gene (56.7 m.u.) indicate how likely these genes are to be separated during gamete formation, influencing the expected progeny classes.

Dominance and Allelic Interactions

Dominance describes the relationship between alleles of a gene, where the presence of a dominant allele masks the expression of a recessive allele. In the Drosophila example, the wild-type alleles (y⁺, w⁺, f⁺) are dominant over their respective mutant alleles (y, w, f). This dominance affects the phenotypic ratios of the progeny, as the combination of alleles inherited from the parents will determine the observable traits in the offspring.

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of sex-limited inheritance?

The discussion centers on extensions and modifications of Mendelian principles and ratios. In the process, we encountered many opportunities to consider how this information was acquired. On the basis of these discussions, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions?

For genes whose expression seems to be tied to the sex of individuals, how do we know whether a gene is X-linked in contrast to exhibiting sex-limited or sex-influenced inheritance?

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Textbook Question

How do we know that specific genes are located on the sex-determining chromosomes rather than on autosomes?

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Textbook Question

In a test of his chromosome theory of heredity, Morgan crossed a female Drosophila with red eyes to a male with white eyes. The females were produced from Cross A, shown in the Figure below. Predict the offspring Morgan would have expected under his hypothesis that the gene for eye color is on the X chromosome in fruit flies.

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Textbook Question

In Drosophila, the map positions of genes are given in map units numbering from one end of a chromosome to the other. The X chromosome of Drosophila is 66 m.u. long. The X-linked gene for body color—with two alleles, y⁺ for gray body and y for yellow body—resides at one end of the chromosome at map position 0.0. A nearby locus for eye color, with alleles w⁺ for red eye and w for white eye, is located at map position 1.5. A third X-linked gene, controlling bristle form, with f⁺ for normal bristles and f for forked bristles, is located at map position 56.7. At each locus the wild-type allele is dominant over the mutant allele.

A wild-type female fruit fly with the genotype y⁺w⁺f/ywf⁺ is crossed to a male fruit fly that has yellow body, white eye, and forked bristles. Predict the frequency of each progeny phenotype class produced by this mating.

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Textbook Question

Do you expect any of these gene pair(s) to assort independently? Explain your reasoning.

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Textbook Question

In a cross involving these three X-linked genes, do you expect any gene pair(s) to show genetic linkage? Explain your reasoning.

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Textbook Question

In Drosophila subobscura, the presence of a recessive gene called grandchildless (gs) causes the offspring of homozygous females, but not those of homozygous males, to be sterile. Can you offer an explanation as to why females and not males are affected by the mutant gene?

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