Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

11. Translation

Translation

Genetics

11. Translation

Translation

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1:46 minutes

Problem 1d

Textbook Question

On what basis have we concluded that proteins are the end products of genetic expression?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Proteins are synthesized as the final step in this process, making them the functional end products of gene expression.

Review experimental evidence, such as the Beadle and Tatum experiments on Neurospora crassa, which demonstrated the 'one gene, one enzyme' hypothesis. This showed that specific genes are responsible for producing specific proteins (enzymes).

Consider the role of mRNA in translation. mRNA serves as the intermediary between DNA and protein synthesis, carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome, where proteins are assembled. This highlights the direct link between genes and their protein products.

Examine the structure and function of proteins. Proteins perform a wide range of cellular functions, such as catalyzing biochemical reactions (enzymes), providing structural support, and regulating cellular processes. This functional diversity underscores their role as the ultimate products of gene expression.

Analyze modern molecular biology techniques, such as gene knockout or RNA interference (RNAi), which show that disrupting a gene leads to the absence or malfunction of its corresponding protein. This further confirms that proteins are the end products of genetic expression.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The Central Dogma describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system, stating that DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. This framework is fundamental for understanding how genetic information is expressed and how proteins serve as the functional products of genes.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically a protein. This involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and subsequent translation into a polypeptide chain, highlighting the role of proteins as the ultimate products of genetic information.

Protein Structure and Function

Proteins are composed of amino acids and their structure is crucial for their function. The specific sequence of amino acids determines how a protein folds and its three-dimensional shape, which in turn influences its role in biological processes, reinforcing the idea that proteins are the end products of genetic expression.

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Related Practice

Multiple Choice

The methionine used to initiate translation is the same methionine used during translation elongation.

Which of the following chemical reactions provides the ribosome with the energy required to complete translation?

Which of the following represents the wobble hypothesis?

Some proteins are composed of two or more polypeptides. Suppose the DNA template strand sequence 3′-TACGTAGGCTAACGGAGTAAGCTAACT-5′ produces a polypeptide that joins in pairs to form a functional protein. What is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide produced from this sequence?

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Textbook Question

In this chapter, we focused on the translation of mRNA into proteins as well as on protein structure and function. Along the way, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions:What experimental information verifies that certain codons in mRNA specify chain termination during translation?

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Textbook Question

How do we know, based on studies of Neurospora nutritional mutations, that one gene specifies one enzyme?

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Textbook Question

You conduct a study in which the transcriptional fusion of regulatory sequences of a particular gene with a reporter gene results in relatively uniform expression of the reporter gene in all cells of an organism. A translational fusion with the same gene shows reporter gene expression only in the nucleus of a specific cell type. Discuss some biological causes for the difference in expression patterns of the two transgenes.

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Textbook Question

The human mitochondrial genome encodes only 22 tRNAs, but at least 32 tRNAs are needed for cytoplasmic translation. How are all codons in mitochondrial transcripts accommodated by only 22 tRNAs? The Plasmodium mitochondrial genome does not encode any tRNAs; how are genes of the Plasmodium mitochondrial genome translated?

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