Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

1. Introduction to Genetics

Fundamentals of Genetics

Genetics

1. Introduction to Genetics

Fundamentals of Genetics

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1:53 minutes

Problem 20b

Textbook Question

The following segment of DNA is the template strand transcribed into mRNA:
5'-...GACATGGAA...-3'
What is the amino acid sequence produced by translation?

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Identify the direction of the template strand. The template strand is given as 5'-...GACATGGAA...-3'. Remember that transcription produces an mRNA strand complementary to the template strand, and the mRNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

Determine the complementary mRNA sequence. Use base-pairing rules: A pairs with U (in RNA), T pairs with A, G pairs with C, and C pairs with G. Write the mRNA sequence in the 5' to 3' direction.

Divide the mRNA sequence into codons. Codons are groups of three nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids. Start from the 5' end of the mRNA sequence and group the nucleotides into triplets.

Use the genetic code table to translate each codon into its corresponding amino acid. For example, AUG codes for methionine (start codon), and other codons correspond to specific amino acids or stop signals.

Write the resulting amino acid sequence. Begin with the amino acid corresponding to the start codon (if present) and continue translating until a stop codon is encountered, which signals the end of translation.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Transcription

Transcription is the process by which the genetic information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). During this process, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand. The mRNA then carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome, where it will be translated into a protein.

Translation

Translation is the process by which the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a protein. This occurs at the ribosome, where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the mRNA template according to the codon sequence. Each set of three nucleotides (codon) corresponds to a specific amino acid, which is linked together to form a polypeptide chain.

Genetic Code

The genetic code is a set of rules that defines how the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in proteins. It consists of 64 codons, each made up of three nucleotides, which specify 20 different amino acids. The code is nearly universal among all organisms, allowing for the translation of genetic information across different species.

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The following segment of DNA is the template strand transcribed into mRNA:

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What is the sequence of mRNA created from this sequence?

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