Which of the following mutagens wedges between DNA bases to disrupt the helix structure?

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by moderate to severe sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light. Patients develop multiple skin lesions on UV-exposed skin, and skin cancers often develop as a result. XP is caused by deficient repair of DNA damage from UV exposure. Many genes are known to be involved in repair of UV-induced DNA damage, and several of these genes are implicated in XP. What genetic phenomenon is illustrated by XP?

Which of the following mutagens alters base affinities by adding an alkyl group?

Which of the following mutations would have the least effect on an individual?

Identify two general ways chemical mutagens can alter DNA. Give examples of these two mechanisms.

How do we know that certain chemicals and wavelengths of radiation induce mutations in DNA?