Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

9. Mitosis and Meiosis

Meiosis

Genetics

9. Mitosis and Meiosis

Meiosis

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2:08 minutes

Problem 28

Textbook Question

Consider a diploid cell that contains three pairs of chromosomes designated AA, BB, and CC. Each pair contains a maternal and a paternal member (e.g., A^m and A^p). Using these designations, demonstrate your understanding of mitosis and meiosis by drawing chromatid combinations as requested. Be sure to indicate when chromatids are paired as a result of replication and/or synapsis.
Draw all possible combinations of chromatids during the early phases of anaphase in meiosis II.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the context: Meiosis II is the second division in meiosis, where sister chromatids are separated into different cells. By the early phase of anaphase in meiosis II, homologous chromosomes have already been separated in meiosis I, and now the sister chromatids are being pulled apart.

Identify the chromosome pairs: The diploid cell contains three pairs of chromosomes (AA, BB, CC), each with a maternal (A^m, B^m, C^m) and paternal (A^p, B^p, C^p) origin. After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids (e.g., A^m becomes A^m1 and A^m2).

Determine the state of chromatids: By early anaphase of meiosis II, the sister chromatids of each chromosome are separating. For example, A^m1 and A^m2 are being pulled to opposite poles of the cell. This applies to all chromosomes (AA, BB, CC).

List all possible chromatid combinations: Since there are three chromosome pairs, and each pair has two chromatids being separated, the combinations will include one chromatid from each chromosome being pulled to opposite poles. For example, one pole might receive A^m1, B^p1, and C^m1, while the other pole receives A^m2, B^p2, and C^m2.

Visualize the process: To fully understand, draw a diagram showing the separation of chromatids for each chromosome pair (AA, BB, CC) during early anaphase of meiosis II. Label each chromatid clearly (e.g., A^m1, A^m2, etc.) and show the direction of movement toward opposite poles.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Mitosis

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It involves a series of phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, where chromosomes are replicated and evenly distributed. Understanding mitosis is crucial for recognizing how cells replicate and maintain genetic continuity.

Meiosis

Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse gametes. It consists of two rounds of division: meiosis I and meiosis II, with key processes such as crossing over and independent assortment contributing to genetic variation. This concept is essential for understanding sexual reproduction and genetic diversity.

Chromatid Pairing and Separation

During cell division, chromatids are the replicated forms of chromosomes that are joined together at the centromere. In meiosis II, the paired chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase, leading to the formation of individual gametes. Recognizing how chromatids pair and separate is vital for illustrating the genetic outcomes of meiosis.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Explain why meiosis leads to significant genetic variation while mitosis does not.

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Textbook Question

A diploid cell contains three pairs of homologous chromosomes designated C1 and C2, M1 and M2, and S1 and S2. No crossing over occurs. What combinations of chromosomes are possible in (a) daughter cells following mitosis, (b) cells undergoing the first meiotic metaphase, (c) haploid cells following both divisions of meiosis?

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Textbook Question

Considering Problem 15, predict the number of different haploid cells that could be produced by meiosis if a fourth chromosome pair (W1 and W2) were added.

519

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Textbook Question

A woman who sought genetic counseling is found to be heterozygous for a chromosomal rearrangement between the second and third chromosomes. Her chromosomes, compared to those in a normal karyotype, are diagrammed to the right.

Using a drawing, demonstrate how these chromosomes would pair during meiosis. Be sure to label the different segments of the chromosomes.

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Textbook Question

Consider a diploid cell that contains three pairs of chromosomes designated AA, BB, and CC. Each pair contains a maternal and a paternal member (e.g., A^m and A^p). Using these designations, demonstrate your understanding of mitosis and meiosis by drawing chromatid combinations as requested. Be sure to indicate when chromatids are paired as a result of replication and/or synapsis.

Assume that during meiosis I none of the C chromosomes disjoin at metaphase, but they separate into dyads (instead of monads) during meiosis II. How would this change the alignments that you constructed during the anaphase stages in meiosis I and II? Draw them.

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Textbook Question

Assume that each gamete resulting from Problem 29 fuses, in fertilization, with a normal haploid gamete. What combinations will result? What percentage of zygotes will be diploid, containing one paternal and one maternal member of each chromosome pair?

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Textbook Question

A species of cereal rye (Secale cereale) has a chromosome number of 14, while a species of Canadian wild rye (Elymus canadensis) has a chromosome number of 28. Sterile hybrids can be produced by crossing Secale with Elymus.

Given that none of the chromosomes pair at meiosis I in the sterile hybrid (Hang and Franckowlak, 1984), speculate on the anaphase I separation patterns of these chromosomes.

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Textbook Question

A pair of homologous chromosomes in Drosophila has the following content (single letters represent genes):

Chromosome 1RNMDHBGKWU

Chromosome 2RNMDHBDHBGKWU

Diagram the pairing of these homologous chromosomes in prophase I.

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