Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

22. Evolutionary Genetics

Phylogenetic Trees

Genetics

22. Evolutionary Genetics

Phylogenetic Trees

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2:10 minutes

Problem D.3

Textbook Question

What lines of evidence support the hypothesis that modern humans evolved in Africa and then subsequently migrated throughout the globe?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the hypothesis: Modern humans evolved in Africa and then migrated globally, known as the 'Out of Africa' model.

Examine fossil evidence: Identify the oldest anatomically modern human fossils found in Africa, which are older than those found elsewhere, supporting an African origin.

Analyze genetic evidence: Study mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome data showing greater genetic diversity in African populations, indicating a longer evolutionary history there.

Consider archaeological evidence: Look at the distribution and age of stone tools and cultural artifacts that trace human technological development starting in Africa.

Review patterns of genetic variation worldwide: Observe that non-African populations have subsets of African genetic diversity, consistent with migration out of Africa and subsequent population bottlenecks.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Fossil Evidence

Fossil evidence includes ancient human remains found primarily in Africa that show a gradual evolution of modern human traits. These fossils, dated using various methods, provide a timeline supporting Africa as the origin of Homo sapiens before their migration to other continents.

Genetic Evidence

Genetic studies, especially analyses of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome markers, reveal that the greatest genetic diversity exists in African populations. This suggests a longer evolutionary history in Africa, supporting the 'Out of Africa' model of human migration.

Archaeological Evidence

Archaeological findings, such as early tools and cultural artifacts, trace the development of modern human behavior in Africa. The spread of similar technologies and cultural practices to other regions aligns with the migration of humans out of Africa.

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following structures on a phylogenetic tree represents the evolutionary connections between organisms?

Which principle is NOT used to construct a phylogenetic tree?

Why might mitochondrial, Y chromosome, and autosomal DNA provide different perspectives on our evolutionary past, for example, with respect to our relationship with Neanderthals?

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Textbook Question

What insights have analyses of human mitochondrial DNA provided into our recent evolutionary past?

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Textbook Question

Discuss how both gains and losses of regulatory elements may lead to human-specific traits.

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Textbook Question

How do copy-number variants arise? Do they account for more polymorphism than SNPs within the human population?

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Textbook Question

Consider possible societal and ethical dilemmas that might arise if we currently shared the planet with another hominin.

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Textbook Question

Carl Linnaeus, the 18th-century botanist who laid the foundation for the modern system of taxonomic nomenclature, placed chimpanzees and humans in the same genus. Discuss the merits of this classification.

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