Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur

Naming Alcohols

GOB Chemistry

14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur

Naming Alcohols

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Problem 50b

Textbook Question

Which compound in each pair would be more soluble in water? Explain.
b. 2-propanol or 2-pentanol

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the key factor that affects solubility in water: the ability of a compound to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Compounds with more polar functional groups or smaller nonpolar regions tend to be more soluble in water.

Examine the structures of 2-propanol and 2-pentanol. Both are alcohols, meaning they have a hydroxyl group (-OH) capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water.

Compare the hydrocarbon (nonpolar) portions of the two molecules. 2-propanol has a shorter hydrocarbon chain (3 carbons) compared to 2-pentanol (5 carbons). Longer hydrocarbon chains increase the nonpolar character of the molecule, reducing its overall solubility in water.

Conclude that 2-propanol, with its shorter hydrocarbon chain, is more soluble in water than 2-pentanol because the polar hydroxyl group has a greater influence on the molecule's overall polarity.

To summarize, the solubility difference arises because the shorter nonpolar region in 2-propanol allows for better interaction with water molecules through hydrogen bonding, making it more water-soluble than 2-pentanol.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Polarity

Polarity refers to the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms in a molecule. Polar molecules, which have a significant difference in electronegativity between their atoms, tend to dissolve well in water due to hydrogen bonding. In contrast, nonpolar molecules do not interact favorably with water, leading to lower solubility.

Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom, like oxygen, interacts with another electronegative atom. This interaction significantly increases the solubility of compounds in water, as water itself is a polar solvent capable of forming hydrogen bonds.

Chain Length and Solubility

The chain length of alcohols affects their solubility in water. Shorter-chain alcohols, like 2-propanol, are generally more soluble due to their higher polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds with water. In contrast, longer-chain alcohols, such as 2-pentanol, have increased hydrophobic character, which reduces their overall solubility in water.

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Write the IUPAC name for each of the following alcohols and phenols: (12.1)

a. <IMAGE>

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Draw the condensed structural formula, or line-angle formula if cyclic, for each of the following: (12.1)

c. 2-methyl-3-pentanol

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Draw the condensed structural formula, or line-angle formula if cyclic, for each of the following: (12.1)

d. 2,4-dibromophenol

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Which compound in each pair would be more soluble in water? Explain.

a. butane or 1-propanol

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Textbook Question

Rank the following according to boiling point, highest to lowest:

a. CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

b. CH₃CH₂(OH)CH₂OH

c. CH₃CH₂CH₃

d. CH₂(OH)CH(OH)CH₂OH

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For each of the following molecules, (i) redraw using line structure format, (ii) identify its hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts, and (iii) predict its solubility in water.

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The boiling point of propanol is 97 °C ,much higher than that of either ethanethiol (37 °C) or chloroethane (13 °C) , even though all three compounds have similar MWs. Explain.

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Draw the condensed structural formula, or line-angle formula if cyclic, for each of the following:

a. ethyl alcohol

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