Textbook Question
Identify the compound in each group that is most soluble in water. Explain.
b. ethanoic acid (acetic acid), hexanoic acid, octanoic acid
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16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Carboxylic Acid Reactions
2:11 minutesProblem 27a
Textbook Question
Draw the condensed structural or line-angle formulas for the products from the acid- or base-catalyzed hydrolysis of each of the following:
a. 
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the concept of hydrolysis: Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where a water molecule breaks a bond in a compound. In acid- or base-catalyzed hydrolysis, the reaction is facilitated by an acid (H⁺) or a base (OH⁻). For esters, hydrolysis typically results in the formation of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
Analyze the given compound: Since the problem references an image, identify the functional group in the compound (e.g., ester, amide, etc.) and its structure. For an ester, the general formula is RCOOR', where R and R' are alkyl or aryl groups.
Determine the products of hydrolysis: In acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester, the ester reacts with water in the presence of an acid to produce a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) and an alcohol (R'OH). In base-catalyzed hydrolysis (saponification), the ester reacts with a base (e.g., NaOH) to produce a carboxylate salt (RCOO⁻Na⁺) and an alcohol (R'OH).
Draw the condensed structural formulas: For the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, write the condensed structural formulas for the carboxylic acid and alcohol. For the base-catalyzed hydrolysis, write the condensed structural formulas for the carboxylate salt and alcohol.
Draw the line-angle formulas: Convert the condensed structural formulas into line-angle formulas, which are simplified representations where bonds between carbon atoms are shown as lines, and hydrogen atoms are typically omitted for clarity.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Acid-Base Catalysis
Acid-base catalysis involves the acceleration of a chemical reaction by the presence of an acid or a base. In hydrolysis reactions, acids can donate protons to facilitate the breaking of bonds, while bases can accept protons to stabilize intermediates. Understanding this concept is crucial for predicting the products formed during hydrolysis.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound. In organic chemistry, this often involves the cleavage of bonds in larger molecules, resulting in the formation of smaller products. Recognizing the type of hydrolysis (acidic or basic) is essential for determining the resulting structures.
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Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas
Condensed structural formulas provide a shorthand way to represent the structure of a molecule, showing how atoms are connected without depicting all bonds explicitly. Line-angle formulas, on the other hand, use lines to represent bonds and vertices to represent carbon atoms, simplifying the visualization of complex organic structures. Mastery of these representations is vital for accurately illustrating the products of hydrolysis.
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