Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium

Nature of Energy

GOB Chemistry

7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium

Nature of Energy

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4:16 minutes

Problem 21

Textbook Question

Discuss the changes in the potential and kinetic energy of a roller-coaster ride as the roller-coaster car descends from the top of the ramp.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of potential energy: Potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position relative to a reference point. For the roller-coaster car at the top of the ramp, its potential energy is at its maximum because it is at the highest point.

Understand the concept of kinetic energy: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. At the top of the ramp, the roller-coaster car has minimal kinetic energy because it is stationary or moving very slowly.

As the roller-coaster car begins to descend, its potential energy decreases: The height of the car decreases as it moves down the ramp, which reduces its potential energy. The formula for potential energy is

E_{p} = m g h

, where

m

is mass,

g

is gravitational acceleration, and

h

is height.

Simultaneously, the kinetic energy of the roller-coaster car increases: As the car descends, it gains speed, which increases its kinetic energy. The formula for kinetic energy is

E_{k} = \frac{1}{2} m v^{2}

, where

m

is mass and

v

is velocity.

Recognize the energy transformation: The total mechanical energy (sum of potential and kinetic energy) remains constant if we neglect friction and air resistance. As the roller-coaster car descends, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, demonstrating the principle of conservation of energy.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Potential Energy

Potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position or height. In the context of a roller coaster, as the car is at the top of the ramp, it possesses maximum potential energy because of its elevated position. This energy is dependent on the height of the car and the gravitational force acting on it.

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, which increases as an object moves faster. As the roller coaster car descends from the top of the ramp, its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, causing the car to accelerate. The faster the car moves, the greater its kinetic energy becomes, illustrating the transformation of energy types during the ride.

Conservation of Energy

The conservation of energy principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. In a roller coaster ride, the total mechanical energy (the sum of potential and kinetic energy) remains constant, assuming negligible friction. As the car descends, potential energy decreases while kinetic energy increases, demonstrating this fundamental principle of physics.

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When 1.0 g of gasoline burns, it releases 11 kcal. The density of gasoline is 0.74 g/mL.

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A patient is receiving 3000 mL/day of a solution that contains 5 g of dextrose (glucose) per 100 mL of solution. If glucose provides 4 kcal/g of energy, how many kilocalories per day is the patient receiving from the glucose?

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Textbook Question

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Multiple Choice

An energy efficient refrigerator uses 780 kWh of electrical energy per year. How many kilocalories of electricity does it use in three years?

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