Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds

Isomers

GOB Chemistry

13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds

Isomers

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2:56 minutes

Problem 61

Textbook Question

Using condensed structural formulas, draw three conformers of hexane.

Verified step by step guidance

Start by understanding that hexane is a linear alkane with the molecular formula C_6H_14. It consists of a chain of six carbon atoms, each bonded to sufficient hydrogen atoms to satisfy the tetravalency of carbon.

Recognize that conformers are different spatial arrangements of a molecule that result from rotation around single bonds. In hexane, these rotations occur around the C-C single bonds.

Draw the most extended conformer of hexane, which is the 'staggered' conformation. This is where all the carbon-carbon bonds are in a zig-zag pattern, minimizing steric hindrance.

Next, draw a 'gauche' conformer by rotating one of the C-C bonds so that two of the methyl groups (CH_3) are closer together, creating a slight steric interaction.

Finally, draw an 'eclipsed' conformer where the hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbons are aligned, leading to increased torsional strain. This is less stable than the staggered conformer.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Conformers

Conformers, or conformational isomers, are different spatial arrangements of a molecule that can be interconverted by rotation around single bonds. In the case of hexane, which has multiple carbon-carbon single bonds, various conformers can be visualized by rotating these bonds, leading to distinct shapes that affect the molecule's properties and interactions.

Condensed Structural Formulas

Condensed structural formulas provide a simplified representation of a molecule's structure, showing how atoms are connected without depicting all the bonds explicitly. For hexane, a condensed formula like CH3(CH2)4CH3 indicates the arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms, allowing for easier visualization of different conformers while maintaining clarity about the molecular structure.

Hexane

Hexane is a straight-chain alkane with the chemical formula C6H14, consisting of six carbon atoms connected by single bonds. Its structure allows for various conformations due to the flexibility of the carbon-carbon bonds, making it a common example in organic chemistry for studying conformational analysis and molecular geometry.

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Determine the relationship between each of the pairs of the following compounds. Are they structural isomers (different molecules), conformational isomers (the same molecule), or not related?

(d)

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Determine if each of the following cycloalkanes or alkenes can exist as cis–trans stereoisomers. For those that can, draw the two isomers. Label each of the isomers you drew as the cis stereoisomer or the trans stereoisomer.

(b) CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH=CH₂

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Alkanes are also referred to as saturated hydrocarbons. Explain the meaning of the term hydrocarbon. Why are alkanes called saturated hydrocarbons?

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Draw skeletal structures for each of the following molecules:

(b) cis-1-chloro-3-methylcyclohexane

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Textbook Question

Draw a condensed structural formula and give the correct IUPAC name for the three alkane structural isomers with the molecular formula C₅H₁₂ .

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Textbook Question