Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

The Alkyl Groups

GOB Chemistry

12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

The Alkyl Groups

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Problem 41b

Textbook Question

Give an example of a compound that meets the following descriptions:
b. A cycloalkane with three substituents

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the definition of a cycloalkane. A cycloalkane is a type of hydrocarbon where carbon atoms are connected in a ring structure with only single bonds. Examples include cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and cyclohexane.

Step 2: Recognize that the problem specifies three substituents. Substituents are atoms or groups of atoms attached to the main ring structure. These can include alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl) or other functional groups.

Step 3: Choose a base cycloalkane structure. For simplicity, start with a common cycloalkane such as cyclohexane (a six-carbon ring) or cyclopentane (a five-carbon ring).

Step 4: Add three substituents to the ring. For example, you could attach a methyl group (-CH₃), an ethyl group (-C₂H₅), and a chlorine atom (-Cl) to different carbon atoms on the ring. Ensure the substituents are placed in a way that avoids ambiguity in naming (use IUPAC rules for naming if needed).

Step 5: Verify the structure meets the criteria. Confirm that the compound is a cycloalkane (ring structure with single bonds) and has exactly three substituents. An example compound could be 1-methyl-2-ethyl-3-chlorocyclopentane.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are a class of hydrocarbons characterized by a ring structure composed of carbon atoms. They are saturated compounds, meaning they contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. The simplest cycloalkane is cyclopropane, which consists of three carbon atoms in a triangular formation. Cycloalkanes can have various substituents attached to the ring, influencing their chemical properties and reactivity.

Substituents

Substituents are atoms or groups of atoms that replace hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon structure. In the context of cycloalkanes, substituents can be alkyl groups, halogens, or functional groups that modify the properties of the compound. The presence and position of substituents on the cycloalkane can significantly affect its stability, reactivity, and physical properties, such as boiling and melting points.

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

The nomenclature of organic compounds follows specific rules set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). For cycloalkanes with substituents, the naming involves identifying the main cycloalkane structure and numbering the carbon atoms to give the substituents the lowest possible numbers. This systematic approach ensures clarity and consistency in naming, allowing chemists to communicate effectively about complex organic molecules.

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