Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

ATP and Energy

GOB Chemistry

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

ATP and Energy

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2:07 minutes

Problem 52a

Textbook Question

List the energy yield in ATP molecules for each of the following:
a. FADH₂ → FAD

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the context: FADH₂ is a molecule involved in cellular respiration, specifically in the electron transport chain. It donates electrons to the chain, which ultimately leads to the production of ATP.

Recall the energy yield: Each FADH₂ molecule contributes electrons to the electron transport chain at a lower energy level compared to NADH. This results in the production of fewer ATP molecules per FADH₂ molecule.

Determine the ATP yield: The energy yield for FADH₂ is typically 1.5 ATP molecules per FADH₂ molecule. This is due to the number of protons pumped across the mitochondrial membrane during electron transport.

Understand the conversion: When FADH₂ is oxidized to FAD, it loses two high-energy electrons and two protons, which are used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP.

Summarize the process: The oxidation of FADH₂ to FAD contributes to the production of approximately 1.5 ATP molecules through oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitate the transfer of electrons from electron donors like NADH and FADH₂ to electron acceptors. This process generates a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Understanding the ETC is crucial for determining the ATP yield from different substrates.

FADH₂ and ATP Yield

FADH₂ is a reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide that plays a key role in cellular respiration. When FADH₂ is oxidized in the electron transport chain, it contributes to the production of ATP. Specifically, the oxidation of one molecule of FADH₂ typically yields about 1.5 ATP molecules, as it enters the ETC at a lower energy level than NADH.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration, where ATP is produced using the energy derived from the electron transport chain. This process involves the transfer of electrons through the ETC and the subsequent synthesis of ATP via chemiosmosis. It is essential to understand this process to accurately calculate the ATP yield from various metabolic reactions, including the conversion of FADH₂ to FAD.

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Textbook Question

The following reactions occur during the catabolism of acetyl-CoA. Which are exergonic? Which is endergonic? Which reaction produces a phosphate that later yields energy by giving up a phosphate group?

c. L-Malate + NAD⁺ → Oxaloacetate + NADH + H⁺

∆G = +17 kcal/mol (+129.3 kJ/mol)

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Textbook Question

Why is ATP considered an energy-rich compound?

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Textbook Question

One cell at work may break down 2 million (2 000 000) ATP molecules in one second. Some researchers estimate that the human body has about 10¹³ cells.

b. If ATP has a molar mass of 507 g/mole, how many grams of ATP are hydrolyzed in one day?

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Textbook Question

List the energy yield in ATP molecules for each of the following:

a. NADH → NAD⁺

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Open Question

A person bicycles vigorously and uses 510 kcal. How many moles of ATP are used to provide this amount of energy?

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