Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

18. Amino Acids and Proteins

Primary Protein Structure

GOB Chemistry

18. Amino Acids and Proteins

Primary Protein Structure

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Problem 21

Textbook Question

How many ways can four different amino acids be arranged in a peptide so that each peptide is unique?

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Recognize that the problem involves arranging four different amino acids in a unique sequence. This is a permutation problem because the order of the amino acids matters.

Step 2: Recall the formula for permutations of n distinct objects, which is given by n! (n factorial). The factorial of a number is the product of all positive integers from 1 to that number.

Step 3: Identify the value of n in this problem. Since there are four different amino acids, n = 4.

Step 4: Write the factorial expression for 4!, which is 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1. This represents the total number of unique arrangements of the four amino acids.

Step 5: Multiply the terms in the factorial expression to determine the total number of unique arrangements. This will give you the final answer.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Permutations

Permutations refer to the different ways in which a set of items can be arranged. In the context of arranging amino acids in a peptide, the order of the amino acids matters, making it a permutation problem. The formula for permutations of 'n' distinct items is n!, which represents the product of all positive integers up to 'n'.

Amino Acids

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid has a unique side chain, which determines its properties and role in protein structure. In this question, the focus is on four different amino acids, emphasizing their distinctiveness in forming unique peptides.

Peptide Formation

Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The arrangement of amino acids in a peptide influences its structure and function. Understanding how different sequences of amino acids lead to unique peptides is crucial for grasping the significance of permutations in this context.

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Textbook Question

Seeds and vegetables are often deficient in one or more essential amino acids. Using the table in problem 16.63, state whether each combination provides all of the essential amino acids.

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c. oatmeal and lima beans

535

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Textbook Question

How many different tripeptides that contain one leucine, one glutamate, and one tryptophan are possible?

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Textbook Question

The endorphins are a group of naturally occurring neurotransmitters that act in a manner similar to morphine to control pain. Research has shown that the biologically active parts of the endorphin molecules are simple pentapeptides called enkephalins. Draw the structure of the methionine enkephalin with the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met. Identify the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids.

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Textbook Question

Draw the structure of the following amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides at low pH (pH 1) and high pH (pH 14). At each pH, assume that all functional groups that might do so are ionized.

a. Val

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Textbook Question

What atoms are present in a planar unit in a protein chain?

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Textbook Question

How many amino acid units do these atoms come from? Why are these units planar?

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Textbook Question

What is the sequence of atoms along the "backbone" of a protein?