Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

17. Amines

Amine Reactions

GOB Chemistry

17. Amines

Amine Reactions

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Problem 24a

Textbook Question

The structure of the amino acid lysine (in its uncharged form) is shown below.

a. Which amine groups would be able to participate in hydrogen bonding?

Verified step by step guidance

Examine the structure of lysine and identify all the amine groups present. Lysine contains two amine groups: one in the backbone (part of the amino group attached to the alpha carbon) and one in the side chain (part of the ε-amino group).

Recall that hydrogen bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (like nitrogen) interacts with another electronegative atom. In this case, the nitrogen atoms in the amine groups can participate in hydrogen bonding.

Determine the hydrogen bonding capability of the backbone amine group. The nitrogen in the backbone amine group has a lone pair of electrons and is bonded to hydrogens, making it capable of acting as both a hydrogen bond donor (via its hydrogens) and a hydrogen bond acceptor (via its lone pair).

Analyze the side chain ε-amino group. Similar to the backbone amine group, the nitrogen in the ε-amino group also has a lone pair of electrons and is bonded to hydrogens, allowing it to act as both a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor.

Conclude that both the backbone amine group and the side chain ε-amino group in lysine can participate in hydrogen bonding, either by donating hydrogen atoms or by using their lone pairs to accept hydrogen bonds.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Amino Acid Structure

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom, an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R group). The structure of lysine includes two amine groups, which are crucial for its properties and interactions.

Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonding is a type of weak chemical bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen or oxygen, experiences an attraction to another electronegative atom. In the context of amino acids, the presence of amine groups allows for potential hydrogen bonding with other molecules, influencing protein structure and function.

Uncharged Form of Amino Acids

The uncharged form of an amino acid refers to its state at a specific pH where the amino and carboxyl groups are not ionized. For lysine, this means that the amino groups are available for hydrogen bonding without the influence of charge, which can affect solubility and interactions with other molecules in biological systems.

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Textbook Question

Using condensed structural formulas, or line-angle formulas if cyclic, write the balanced chemical equations for the (1) reaction of each of the following amines with water and (2) neutralization with HBr:

c. N-methylaniline

b. propylamine

c. N-methylaniline

Draw the condensed structural or line-angle formula for the amide formed in each of the following reactions:

517

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Textbook Question

Many hair conditioners contain an ammonium salt such as the following to help prevent 'fly-away' hair. These ions will react with neither acid nor base. Provide a reason why.

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Complete the following equations:

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Complete the following equations:

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Textbook Question

Write an equation for the acid-base equilibrium of:

a.Pyrrolidine and water