Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

15. Aldehydes and Ketones

Naming Ketones

GOB Chemistry

15. Aldehydes and Ketones

Naming Ketones

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Problem 7

Textbook Question

For each compound shown next (a–d), indicate whether the compound is polar or nonpolar, and whether it is soluble or insoluble in water.
a.
b.
c. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
d.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the concept of polarity. A molecule is polar if it has an uneven distribution of electron density, resulting in a dipole moment. Nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of electron density and no dipole moment.

Step 2: Analyze the molecular structure of each compound (a–d). Look for factors such as electronegativity differences between atoms, the presence of polar bonds, and the molecular geometry to determine if the compound is polar or nonpolar.

Step 3: Recall the solubility rule: 'like dissolves like.' Polar compounds are generally soluble in polar solvents like water, while nonpolar compounds are typically insoluble in water.

Step 4: For each compound (a–d), identify functional groups or structural features that influence polarity and solubility. For example, hydroxyl (-OH) groups increase polarity and solubility in water, while long hydrocarbon chains tend to be nonpolar and insoluble.

Step 5: Summarize the findings for each compound (a–d), indicating whether it is polar or nonpolar and whether it is soluble or insoluble in water based on the analysis of its structure and functional groups.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Polarity

Polarity refers to the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms in a molecule. A polar molecule has a significant difference in electronegativity between its atoms, leading to a dipole moment, while nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of charge. Understanding polarity is crucial for predicting how compounds interact with water, as polar substances tend to be soluble in water, while nonpolar substances are not.

Solubility

Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, such as water. It is influenced by the nature of the solute and solvent, particularly their polarity. Polar solutes generally dissolve well in polar solvents (like water), while nonpolar solutes do not. This concept is essential for determining whether the compounds in the question will dissolve in water.

Molecular Structure

Molecular structure refers to the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, including the types of bonds and the geometry of the molecule. The structure affects both polarity and solubility; for example, the presence of functional groups can create polar regions in otherwise nonpolar molecules. Analyzing the molecular structure of the compounds is key to assessing their polarity and solubility in water.

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