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Key Concepts and Study Guidance for Macroeconomics Final

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Introduction to Economics

Positive and Normative Statements

Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) - Introduction and Productive Efficiency

PPF - Comparative Advantage and Absolute Advantage

PPF - Comparative Advantage and Trade

Introduction to Supply and Demand

Shifting Demand

Shifting Supply

Supply and Demand Together: Equilibrium, Shortage, and Surplus

Price Ceilings, Price Floors, and Black Markets

Labor Force and Unemployment

Types of Unemployment

Unemployment: Minimum Wage Laws and Efficiency Wages

Inflation and Consumer Price Index (CPI)

Disinflation and Deflation

Circular Flow Diagram

Expenditure Approach for Measuring GDP

Nominal GDP and Real GDP

Shortcomings of GDP

Business Cycles and Their Characteristics

Aggregate Demand

Long Run Aggregate Supply

Short Run Aggregate Supply

Shifting Short Run Aggregate Supply

AD-AS Model: Equilibrium in the Short Run and Long Run

Price Ceilings, Price Floors, and Black Markets

Introduction to Fiscal Policy

Expansionary and Contractionary Fiscal Policy

The Laffer Curve

Monetary vs Fiscal Policy

Introduction to the Federal Reserve

The Federal Reserve and the Money Supply

The Functions of Money; The Kinds of Money

Required Reserves and the Deposit Multiplier

The Demand for Money

Monetary Policy and Aggregate Demand

Expansionary and Contractionary Monetary Policy

Sources of Comparative Advantage

Arguments Against International Trade

Tariffs

Import Quotas and VERs