Label the successive stages of skin lesions as exemplified by smallpox.

Which of the following organisms is transmitted via sexual contact?

a. Treponema pallidum endemicum

b. Treponema pallidum pertenue

c. Treponema pallidum pallidum

d. Treponema carateum

During which stage of syphilis is penicillin ineffective?

a. Primary syphilis

b. Secondary syphilis

c. Tertiary syphilis

d. All of the above

Match the pathogen with the listed vector responsible for transmitting it to humans.

___ Rickettsia typhi

___ Rickettsia prowazekii

___ Rickettsia rickettsii

___ Orientia tsutsugamushi

___ Ehrlichia chaffeensis

___ Borrelia burgdorferi

___ Borrelia recurrentis

___ Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A. Rat flea

B. Body louse

C. Hard tick

D. Mite

E. Soft tick

Subcutaneous infections tend to be acquired through ________.

a. inhalation and remain localized

b. inhalation and become systemic

c. trauma and remain localized

d. trauma and become systemic

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or phrase to make the statement true.

_____ Relapse of fungal diseases is common in AIDS patients.

Tapeworms are generally transmitted via ______.

a. consumption of an intermediate host

b. consumption of the definitive host

c. vectors such as mosquitoes

d. consumption of adult tapeworms

Indicate the true statements and then correct the false statements so that they are true.

a. HIV is transmitted by a parenteral route.

b. Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause disease in an immune-competent host if the normal microbiota are disrupted.

c. Gram-positive bacteria may produce endotoxin.

d. Siderophores help pathogens obtain calcium.

e. Emerging pathogens tend to exhibit expanded tropism.

f. The more toxic a substance is, the higher its LD₅₀.

g. Virulence is the ability of a microbe to cause disease.

h. Gram-negative bacteria may produce exotoxins.