Textbook Question
Groups of atoms such as NH₂ or OH that appear in certain common arrangements are called __________ .
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Ch. 2 - The Chemistry of Microbiology
Bauman6th EditionMicrobiology with Diseases by TaxonomyISBN: 9780134832302
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - A Brief History of Microbiology31
- Ch. 2 - The Chemistry of Microbiology28
- Ch. 3 - Cell Structure and Function39
- Ch. 4 - Microscopy, Staining, and Classification25
- Ch. 5 - Microbial Metabolism51
- Ch. 6 - Microbial Nutrition and Growth37
- Ch. 7 - Microbial Genetics51
- Ch. 8 - Recombinant DNA Technology21
- Ch. 9 - Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment36
- Ch. 10 - Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs21
- Ch. 11 - Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes29
- Ch. 12 - Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes34
- Ch. 13 - Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions23
- Ch. 14 - Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology35
- Ch. 15 - Innate Immunity34
- Ch. 16 - Adaptive Immunity21
- Ch. 17 - Immunization and Immune Testing29
- Ch. 18 - Immune Disorders22
- Ch. 19 - Pathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria25
- Ch. 20 - Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli28
- Ch. 21 - Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios25
- Ch. 22 - Pathogenic Fungi47
- Ch. 23 - Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors44
- Ch. 24 - Pathogenic DNA Viruses23
- Ch. 25 - Pathogenic RNA Viruses30
- Ch. 26 - Applied and Industrial Microbiology29
- Ch. 27 - Microbial Ecology and Microbiomes22
Bauman6th EditionMicrobiology with Diseases by TaxonomyISBN: 9780134832302Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 2, Problem 5
Which of the following terms most correctly describes the bonds in a molecule of water?
a. Nonpolar covalent bond
b. Polar covalent bond
c. Ionic bond
d. Hydrogen bond
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the types of bonds listed in the options. A nonpolar covalent bond involves equal sharing of electrons between atoms, while a polar covalent bond involves unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial charges.
Step 2: Recall the structure of a water molecule (H₂O). It consists of one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, meaning it attracts electrons more strongly.
Step 3: Because oxygen attracts electrons more strongly, the electrons in the O-H bonds are shared unequally, resulting in a partial negative charge near oxygen and partial positive charges near the hydrogens.
Step 4: This unequal sharing of electrons in the O-H bonds classifies these bonds as polar covalent bonds, not nonpolar covalent, ionic, or hydrogen bonds (hydrogen bonds occur between molecules, not within a single molecule).
Step 5: Therefore, the correct term to describe the bonds within a water molecule is 'polar covalent bond'.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Polar Covalent Bonds
Polar covalent bonds occur when two atoms share electrons unequally due to differences in electronegativity, resulting in partial positive and negative charges within the molecule. In water, oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, causing the shared electrons to be pulled closer to oxygen, creating polarity.
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Polar Covalent Bonds
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Nonpolar covalent bonds involve equal sharing of electrons between atoms with similar electronegativities, resulting in no significant charge separation. Molecules like O2 or N2 typically have nonpolar covalent bonds, unlike water where the bond is polar.
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Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds are weak intermolecular attractions between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (like oxygen) and another electronegative atom nearby. In water, hydrogen bonds form between molecules, not within the bonds holding the atoms together.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
In water, cations and anions of salts dissociate from one another and become surrounded by water molecules. In this state, the ions are also called __________ .
a. electrically negative
b. ionically bonded
c. electrolytes
d. hydrogen bonds
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Textbook Question
Which of the following is not an organic compound?
a. Monosaccharide
b. Formaldehyde
c. Water
d. Steroid
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Textbook Question
Which of the following can be most accurately described as a decomposition reaction?
a. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 H₂O + 6 CO₂
b. glucose + ATP → glucose phosphate + ADP
c. 6 H₂O + 6 CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
d. A + BC → AB + C
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Textbook Question
The reverse of dehydration synthesis is __________ .
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Textbook Question
Explain how the polarity of water molecules makes water an excellent solvent.
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