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Comprehensive Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide

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Introduction to Microbiology

Introduction to Taxonomy

Scientific Naming of Organisms

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Introduction to Bacteria

Introduction to Archaea

Bacterial Cell Morphology & Arrangements

Introduction to Bacterial Cell Walls

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Cell Walls

Endospores

Cell Inclusions

Introduction to Microscopes

Magnification, Resolution, & Contrast

Light Microscopy: Bright-Field Microscopes

Electron Microscopes

Introduction to Staining

Gram Stain

Introduction to Metabolism

Enzymes

Enzyme Inhibition

Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration

Introduction to Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Chemiosmosis

Introduction to Cultivating Microbial Growth

Microbial Growth Curves in a Closed System

Temperature Requirements for Microbial Growth

Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth

pH Requirements for Microbial Growth

Osmolarity Factors for Microbial Growth

Nutritional Factors of Microbial Growth

Growth Factors

Types of Solid Culture Media

Selective Media

Differential Media

Enrichment Media

Introduction to Controlling Microbial Growth

Physical Methods to Control Microbial Growth

Chemical Methods to Control Microbial Growth

Chemicals Used to Control Microbial Growth

Liquid Chemicals: Alcohols, Aldehydes, & Biguanides

Chemical Gases: Ethylene Oxide, Ozone, & Formaldehyde

Review of Chemicals Used to Control Microbial Growth

Introduction to Antimicrobial Drugs

How Antimicrobial Drugs Work

Broad vs Narrow Spectrum Drugs

Antimicrobial Resistance

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Beta-lactam & Penicillin

Tests to Guide Antimicrobial Use

Introduction to Microbial Genetics

Discovering the Structure of DNA

Introduction to DNA Replication

DNA Polymerases

Leading & Lagging DNA Strands

Introduction to Transcription

Introduction to Translation

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Bacterial Transformation

Transduction

Introduction to Conjugation

Conjugation: F Plasmids

Conjugation: Hfr & F' Cells

Introduction to Mutations

Prototrophs vs. Auxotrophs

The Ames Test

Introduction to Viruses

Introduction to Bacteriophage Infections

Bacteriophage: Lytic Phage Infections

Bacteriophage: Lysogenic Phage Infections

Plaque Assays

Introduction to Animal Virus Infections

Acute vs. Persistent Viral Infections

Viroids

Prions

Symbiotic Relationships

Introduction to Epidemiology

Healthcare-Associated Infections

Bacterial Pathogenesis

Introduction to Pathogenic Toxins

Exotoxins Cause Damage to the Host

Endotoxin Causes Damage to the Host

Introduction to Avoiding Host Defense Mechanisms

Introduction to Immunity

Introduction to Innate Immunity

Introduction to First-Line Defenses

Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin

Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Mucous Membrane

First-Line Defenses: Chemical Barriers

First-Line Defenses: Normal Microbiota

Introduction to Cells of the Immune System

Cells of the Immune System: Granulocytes

Cells of the Immune System: Agranulocytes

Phagoctytosis

Introduction to Inflammation

Steps of the Inflammatory Response

Fever

Introduction to the Complement System

Review of the Complement System

Introduction to Adaptive Immunity

Antigens

Introduction to T Lymphocytes

Activation of T Lymphocytes

Functions of T Lymphocytes

Introduction to B Lymphocytes

Antibodies

Classes of Antibodies

Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity

Introduction to Vaccines

Introduction to Hypersensitivites

Type I Hypersensitivities

Type II Hypersensitivities

Type III Hypersensitivities

Type IV Hypersensitivities

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Introduction to DNA-Based Technology