Q: Which equation best represents the cleavage site for lysozyme in peptidoglycan?

$$\text{N-Acetylglucosamine} - \beta(1,4) - \text{N-Acetylmuramic acid}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense against infection in humans?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil phagocytosis

Question 2

A patient with a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of tight junctions between epithelial cells would be most susceptible to which type of infection?

Accepted Answer

Skin infections due to compromised physical barrier

Question 3

Which chemical barrier is most effective at inhibiting bacterial growth in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Acidic pH

Question 4

The image of a person sneezing demonstrates which type of innate defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical removal

Question 5

Lysozyme acts by cleaving the bond between which two molecules in bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylmuramic acid

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of normal flora in the first line of defense?

Accepted Answer

Competing for nutrients with pathogens

Question 7

Which cell type is most abundant among granulocytes and is a major phagocyte in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 8

A patient with a deficiency in C3 complement protein would most likely have problems with which immune function?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization and phagocytosis

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the movement of lymph in the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Muscle movement propels lymph in one direction due to valves

Question 10

Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?

Accepted Answer

Thymus

Question 11

Which cell is responsible for killing virally infected or tumor cells by secreting perforins and granzymes?

Accepted Answer

Natural killer cell

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of opsonins in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They bind to pathogens and promote phagocytosis

Question 13

Which of the following is a sign of inflammation that can be objectively measured?

Accepted Answer

Redness

Question 14

Which equation best represents the cleavage site for lysozyme in peptidoglycan?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{N-Acetylglucosamine} - \beta(1,4) - 	ext{N-Acetylmuramic acid}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages?

Accepted Answer

Production of antibodies

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the classical pathway of complement activation?

Accepted Answer

It is activated by antibody binding to antigen

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of a mutation that prevents expression of CD3 on T cells?

Accepted Answer

Impaired T cell activation and signaling

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE about the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

It requires activation by the innate response and develops memory

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β)?

Accepted Answer

They induce resistance to viral replication and activate NK cells

Question 20

Which equation best represents the cascade reaction of complement activation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C1} ightarrow 	ext{C2} ightarrow 	ext{C3} ightarrow 	ext{C5} ightarrow 	ext{MAC}$$

Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Lines of Defense in the Human Body

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