Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the genetic makeup that determines the phenotype, which is the observable traits.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic genomes are organized into multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus, while prokaryotic genomes are usually a single circular chromosome in the nucleoid.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a component of a DNA nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Ribose sugar

Question 4

What is the correct base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

$$A$$ pairs with $$T$$; $$G$$ pairs with $$C$$

Question 5

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 6

During DNA replication, why is the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously?

Accepted Answer

Because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end, and the lagging strand runs opposite to the fork movement, resulting in Okazaki fragments.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of plasmids in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They often carry genes that confer a survival advantage, such as antibiotic resistance.

Question 9

Which type of mutation is most likely to result in a truncated, nonfunctional protein?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 10

What is the role of the operator in an operon?

Accepted Answer

It binds the repressor protein to block transcription.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about RNA is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

RNA is typically double-stranded.

Question 12

A mutation changes the codon $$CGA ($$arginine) to $$UGA ($$stop). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as redundant?

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

Question 14

Which process is responsible for removing introns from pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Splicing

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of post-translational modification?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a phosphate group to a protein

Question 16

Which of the following statements about inducible operons is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are off by default and require an inducer to activate transcription.

Question 17

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Ligase

Question 18

A chemical mutagen causes the insertion of two nucleotides into a gene. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of DNA methylation in epigenetic regulation?

Accepted Answer

It prevents transcription by silencing genes.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about conjugation in bacteria is correct?

Accepted Answer

It requires a fertility plasmid and involves direct cell-to-cell contact.

Microbial Genetics: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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