Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which vaccination confers immunity?

Accepted Answer

Vaccination provokes a primary immune response, leading to the formation of antibodies and memory cells for rapid secondary response upon future exposure.

Question 2

A patient with a compromised immune system is advised against receiving certain vaccines. Which type of vaccine is most likely contraindicated in this scenario, and why?

Accepted Answer

Attenuated vaccines, because they contain live weakened pathogens that can replicate and potentially revert to virulent form.

Question 3

Which of the following best defines herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immunity/protection in most of the population, reducing the spread of infectious diseases.

Question 4

Which vaccine type is specifically designed for children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Conjugated vaccines

Question 5

A vaccine that contains inactivated bacterial toxins is most effective against diseases caused by:

Accepted Answer

Bacterial toxins

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct example of an attenuated vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

Question 7

Which statement about mRNA vaccines is correct?

Accepted Answer

They code for a viral protein and cannot integrate into host DNA.

Question 8

A vaccine that uses antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response is classified as:

Accepted Answer

Subunit vaccine

Question 9

Which of the following adjuvants is approved for use in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Alum (aluminum salts)

Question 10

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells. Which process best describes the formation of a hybridoma?

Accepted Answer

Fusion of a normal antibody-producing B cell with a cancerous myeloma cell

Question 11

Which diagnostic test commonly uses monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)?

Accepted Answer

Pregnancy test

Question 12

A vaccine that resembles an intact virus but does not contain genetic material is known as:

Accepted Answer

Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine

Question 13

Which of the following statements about inactivated vaccines is correct?

Accepted Answer

They require repeated booster doses and induce mostly humoral immunity.

Question 14

Which equation best represents the probability $$P of $$herd immunity in a population, given the fraction $$f of $$individuals immunized and the basic reproduction number $$R_0$$?

Accepted Answer

$$P = 1 - \frac{1}{R_0$}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a main goal of vaccination?

Accepted Answer

To directly kill pathogens in the bloodstream

Question 16

Which of the following is a plausible risk associated with attenuated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

Mutation back to a virulent form

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct example of a killed (inactivated) vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Whole-cell pertussis (wP)

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a use of monoclonal antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Vaccination against viral infections

Question 19

A patient receives a tetanus toxoid vaccine. What is the main component of this vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Inactivated bacterial toxin

Question 20

Which of the following statements about adjuvants is correct?

Accepted Answer

Adjuvants are additives to a vaccine that improve its effectiveness.

Vaccines and Immunological Applications

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