Textbook Question
Differentiate the terms in each of the following pairs:
a. Etiology and pathogenesis
b. Infection and disease
c. Communicable disease and noncommunicable disease
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Ch. 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology
Tortora14th EditionMicrobiology: An IntroductionISBN: 9780138200398
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - The Microbial World and You18
- Ch. 2 - Chemical Principles20
- Ch. 3 - Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope18
- Ch. 4 - Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells21
- Ch. 5 - Microbial Metabolism20
- Ch. 6 - Microbial Growth20
- Ch. 7 - The Control of Microbial Growth20
- Ch. 8 - Microbial Genetics19
- Ch. 9 - Biotechnology & DNA Technology20
- Ch. 10 - Classification of Microorganisms15
- Ch. 11 - The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea14
- Ch. 12 - The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths17
- Ch. 13 - Viruses, Viroids, and Prions20
- Ch. 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology21
- Ch. 15 - Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity19
- Ch. 16 - Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host20
- Ch. 17 - Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host20
- Ch. 18 - Practical Applications of Immunology20
- Ch. 19 - Disorders Associated with the Immune System19
- Ch. 20 - Antimicrobial Drugs19
- Ch. 21 - Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes21
- Ch. 22 - Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System19
- Ch. 23 - Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems20
- Ch. 24 - Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System20
- Ch. 25 - Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System20
- Ch. 26 - Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems19
- Ch. 27 - Environmental Microbiology20
- Ch. 28 - Applied and Industrial Microbiology19
Tortora14th EditionMicrobiology: An IntroductionISBN: 9780138200398Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 14, Problem 2
Define symbiosis. Differentiate commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism, and give an example of each.
Verified step by step guidance1
Start by defining symbiosis as a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, which can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to one or both parties involved.
Explain commensalism as a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. For example, certain bacteria living on human skin benefit from nutrients without affecting the host.
Describe mutualism as a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the interaction. An example is the relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) and leguminous plants, where bacteria fix nitrogen for the plant and receive carbohydrates in return.
Define parasitism as a relationship where one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host), often causing harm. An example is the tapeworm living in the intestines of mammals, absorbing nutrients and harming the host.
Summarize the key differences by focusing on the effect on each organism: commensalism (one benefits, other unaffected), mutualism (both benefit), and parasitism (one benefits, other harmed).
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Symbiosis
Symbiosis refers to a close and long-term biological interaction between two different organisms, which can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to one or both parties. It encompasses various types of relationships based on how the organisms affect each other.
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Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism
Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. An example is barnacles attaching to whales, gaining mobility and food particles without affecting the whale.
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Mutualism and Parasitism
Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit, such as bees pollinating flowers while obtaining nectar. Parasitism benefits one organism (the parasite) at the expense of the other (the host), like tapeworms living in the intestines of animals.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Which of the following statements is false?
a. E. coli never causes disease
b. E. coli provides vitamin K for its host
c. E. coli often exists in a mutualistic relationship with humans
d. A disease-causing strain of E. coli causes bloody diarrhea
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Textbook Question
All members of a group of ornithologists studying barn owls in the wild have had
salmonellosis (Salmonella gastroenteritis). One birder is experiencing her third infection. What is the most likely source of their infections?
a. The ornithologists are eating the same food.
b. They are contaminating their hands while handling the owls and nests.
c. One of the workers is a Salmonella carrier.
d. Their drinking water is contaminated.
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Textbook Question
The emergence of new infectious diseases is probably due to all of the following except:
a. The need of bacteria to cause disease
b. The ability of humans to travel by air
c. Changing environments (e.g., flood, drought, pollution)
d. A pathogen crossing the species barrier
e. The increasing human population
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Textbook Question
Indicate whether each of the following conditions is typical of subacute, chronic, or acute infections.
a. The patient experiences a rapid onset of malaise; symptoms last 5 days
b. The patient experiences cough and breathing difficulty for months
c. The patient has no apparent symptoms and is a known carrier
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