Consider long‑term ecological concerns from continuous planting of Bt crops over decades. Which evaluation best captures the plausible ecological risk and a mitigation strategy?

Ecological concerns are irrelevant because corporate control of seeds is an economic issue and not linked to any biological outcomes; therefore biological mitigations are unnecessary.

There are no ecological risks from continuous Bt use because Bt proteins are perfectly specific and cannot exert any selection pressure on pests or non‑target species; no mitigation is necessary.

The only viable mitigation is to stop farming entirely; short of abandoning agriculture, risks cannot be addressed, so no responsible mitigation exists.

Continuous Bt trait use can select for resistant pest populations and affect non‑target organisms; mitigation includes integrated pest management and refugia strategies to slow resistance evolution and monitoring non‑target impacts.