Question 1

Which metabolic pathway is responsible for breaking down glucose into pyruvate, and where does this process occur within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis; occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 2

Which macronutrient provides the most concentrated source of energy per gram?

Accepted Answer

Lipids (fats)

Question 3

During anaerobic metabolism, what is the fate of pyruvate under low oxygen conditions, and what is the name of this pathway?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate is converted to lactate via the Cori Cycle

Question 4

Which hormone primarily stimulates anabolic processes such as glycogenesis and protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 5

What is the chemical formula for ATP, and how is energy released from this molecule?

Accepted Answer

ATP: $$\mathrm{C$$_{10}$$H_{16}N_5O$$_{13}$$P_3$$}$; energy is released when a phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis

Question 6

Which metabolic pathway is considered anabolic and is responsible for synthesizing glycogen from glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenesis

Question 7

Which tissue is the most metabolically active in the human body, especially in terms of energy expenditure?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 8

Which cells rely exclusively on anaerobic metabolism for energy production, and why?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells; they lack mitochondria

Question 9

What is the number of carbon atoms in pyruvate and acetyl CoA, respectively?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate: 3 carbons; Acetyl CoA: 2 carbons

Question 10

Which metabolic pathway is responsible for the breakdown of fatty acids to generate acetyl CoA?

Accepted Answer

Beta oxidation

Question 11

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for metabolizing alcohol in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a potential health risk associated with excessive alcohol consumption?

Accepted Answer

Improved insulin sensitivity

Question 13

Which metabolic pathway is responsible for the conversion of amino acids into glucose during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 14

Which hormone is most active in promoting catabolic processes such as glycogenolysis and lipolysis?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 15

Which substrate is considered ketogenic and cannot be converted into glucose through metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

Fatty acids

Question 16

Which process describes the removal of an amino group from an amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Deamination

Question 17

Which organ is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins in the body?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 18

Which of the following is a component of energy expenditure that is most influenced by body composition and physical activity?

Accepted Answer

Physical activity

Question 19

Which eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting or excessive exercise?

Accepted Answer

Bulimia nervosa

Question 20

Which of the following best describes energy balance?

Accepted Answer

Energy intake equals energy expenditure

Energy Metabolism, Alcohol, and Energy Balance: Key Concepts in Nutrition

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