Textbook Question
What is the main structural difference between d. cellulose and chitin?
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Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 1)31
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 2)65
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry84
- Ch. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds:Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure183
- Ch. 4 - Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space121
- Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics83
- Ch. 6 - The Reactions of Alkenes • The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions175
- Ch. 7 - The Reactions of Alkynes • An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis119
- Ch. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene148
- Ch. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides212
- Ch. 10 - Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds131
- Ch. 11 - Organometallic Compounds60
- Ch. 12 - Radicals90
- Ch. 13 - Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; UV/Vis Spectroscopy62
- Ch. 14 - NMR Spectroscopy95
- Ch. 15 - Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives123
- Ch. 16 - Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 17 - Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon101
- Ch. 18 - Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes144
- Ch. 19 - More About Amines • Reactions of Heterocyclic Compounds49
- Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates80
- Ch. 21 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins57
- Ch. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions35
- Ch. 23 - The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes—Compounds Derived from Vitamins1
- Ch. 28 - Pericyclic Reactions58
Chapter 21, Problem 33a
Refer to Figure 20.5 to answer the following questions: a. People with type O blood can donate blood to anyone, but they cannot receive blood from everyone. From whom can they not receive blood?
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Understand the context: Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells. Type O blood lacks both A and B antigens, but it has antibodies against both A and B antigens in the plasma.
Recall the compatibility rule: A person with type O blood can only receive blood that does not have A or B antigens, as their antibodies would attack any red blood cells with these antigens.
Identify incompatible blood types: Blood types A, B, and AB all have either A or B antigens (or both). Therefore, a person with type O blood cannot receive blood from individuals with these blood types.
Summarize the answer: People with type O blood can only receive blood from other type O individuals because type O blood lacks A and B antigens, making it compatible with their antibodies.
Relate to Figure 20.5: Use the figure to confirm the antigen-antibody relationships and verify the compatibility rules for blood transfusions.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Blood Type Antigens
Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Type O blood lacks A and B antigens, making it a universal donor. However, this absence means that individuals with type O blood can only receive blood from other type O donors, as they would produce antibodies against A and B antigens found in other blood types.
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Blood Type Antibodies
In addition to antigens, blood types are also characterized by the presence of antibodies in the plasma. Type O individuals have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, which can react against A and B antigens present in other blood types. This reaction can lead to serious transfusion reactions if type O individuals receive blood from types A, B, or AB.
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Transfusion Compatibility
Transfusion compatibility is crucial for safe blood transfusions, as it ensures that the donor's blood does not trigger an immune response in the recipient. For type O blood, compatibility is limited to other type O blood due to the presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Understanding this compatibility is essential for preventing adverse reactions during blood transfusions.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Refer to Figure 20.5 to answer the following questions: b. People with type AB blood can receive blood from anyone, but they cannot give blood to everyone. To whom can they not give blood?
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Textbook Question
What is the main structural difference between c. amylopectin and glycogen?
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Textbook Question
What product or products are obtained when D-galactose reacts with each of the following?
b. Ag+, NH3, HO-
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Textbook Question
What product or products are obtained when D-galactose reacts with each of the following?
c. NaBH4, followed by H3O+
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Textbook Question
Explain why the C-3 OH group of vitamin C is more acidic than the C-2 OH group.
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