Which of the following lists best explains the physiological mechanisms by which regular aerobic exercise lowers long-term cardiovascular disease risk?

Increases cardiac output during activity; with training lowers resting HR and BP and modestly improves lipids and insulin sensitivity.

Lowers resting HR and BP; improves endothelial vasodilation, lipids, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, visceral fat, and VO₂max.

Produces short‑term metabolic benefits after bouts, but long‑term risk reduction requires repeated training‑induced vascular and metabolic improvements.

Raises daily energy expenditure; long‑term risk reduction also requires improved vascular function, lipids, and reduced visceral fat.