In the context of Newton's law of gravity, what term refers to the measure of the force of gravity acting on an object near a planet's surface?

An object of mass $m$ is launched from the surface of a planet of mass $m$ and radius $r$. What is the minimum speed required for the object to escape the planet's gravitational field (the escape velocity)?

According to Newton's Law of Gravity, the two forces acting on a skydiver during free fall are $\mathrm{gravity}$ and air $\mathrm{resistance}$. Which pair correctly fills in the blanks?

Three identical satellites $A$, $B$, and $C$ are launched into circular orbits around Earth at different altitudes: $A$ is closest to Earth, $B$ is at a medium altitude, and $C$ is farthest from Earth. Rank the magnitude of the net gravitational force acting on each satellite due to Earth from greatest to least.