Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees

In Tolman's study of latent learning, one group of rats was rewarded for getting out of the maze, a second was not rewarded during training trials but was rewarded eventually, and a third group of rats was

In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that did not receive reinforcement for solving the maze had

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called

In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then he learned to fit two sticks together to reach a banana placed farther away. This was an example of

The learning/performance distinction is a kind of

Köhler determined that insight

Seligman connects learned helplessness to

In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone