Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main focus of the biological perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

It examines how psychological processes, including genetics, the brain, and nervous system, influence behavior and mental processes.

Question 2

A researcher wants to study the effect of sleep deprivation on memory recall. In this experiment, what is the independent variable (IV)?

Accepted Answer

The amount of sleep participants receive.

Question 3

Which sampling method is most likely to produce a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population being studied?

Accepted Answer

Representative sampling

Question 4

A psychologist is interested in whether there is a relationship between hours spent studying and academic performance. Which statistical concept would be most appropriate to analyze this relationship?

Accepted Answer

Correlation

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable in a study examining the effect of caffeine on test performance?

Accepted Answer

Participants' natural energy levels before the test.

Question 6

In a double-blind study, who is unaware of the group assignments?

Accepted Answer

Both the participants and the researchers

Question 7

Which psychological perspective is most likely to use reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral perspective

Question 8

A researcher combines the results of several studies on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety to draw a more reliable conclusion. What research method is being used?

Accepted Answer

Meta-analysis

Question 9

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of hindsight bias?

Accepted Answer

Believing you predicted the outcome of an event after it has already occurred.

Question 10

A psychologist wants to ensure that the results of a study on exercise habits are generalizable to all high school students. Which sampling technique should they use?

Accepted Answer

Random sampling

Question 11

Which of the following is a qualitative measure commonly used in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Open-ended questionnaires

Question 12

A placebo effect occurs when:

Accepted Answer

Participants experience a real change in symptoms after receiving a non-active treatment.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the humanistic perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

It emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the uniqueness of each individual.

Question 14

A researcher defines 'memory recall' as the number of words a participant can remember from a list after 10 minutes. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Operational definition

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of a correlation coefficient $$r$$ between two variables $$X$$ and $$Y$$?

Accepted Answer

$$ r = \frac{\sum (X_i - \overline{X})(Y_i - \overline{Y})}{\sqrt{\sum (X_i - \overline{X})^2$ \sum (Y_i - \overline{Y})^2$}} $$

Question 16

In an experiment, the group that does NOT receive the experimental treatment and serves as a baseline for comparison is called:

Accepted Answer

Control group

Question 17

Which cognitive bias refers to the tendency to overestimate one's own knowledge or abilities compared to others?

Accepted Answer

Overconfidence

Question 18

A psychologist observes children interacting in a playground without interfering or manipulating variables. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?

Accepted Answer

To ensure each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group, reducing bias.

Question 20

A researcher wants to test the hypothesis that caffeine improves test performance. Which of the following is the most appropriate operational definition for 'test performance'?

Accepted Answer

The number of correct answers on a standardized test.

Foundations of Psychological Research: Perspectives, Methods, and Key Concepts

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