Question 1

Which of the following best describes 'test-retest reliability' in psychological measurement?

Accepted Answer

It measures whether the same person scores consistently across multiple administrations of the same test.

Question 2

A researcher wants to measure 'intoxication' using three different operational definitions (ODs): physiological, behavioral, and self-report. Which of the following is an example of a behavioral OD?

Accepted Answer

Number of mistakes when walking in a straight line.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the five characteristics of quality scientific research?

Accepted Answer

It always produces statistically significant results.

Question 4

A psychologist is concerned that participants may change their behavior because they know they are being observed. Which type of bias is this?

Accepted Answer

Hawthorne effect

Question 5

Which type of reliability is assessed when multiple raters score the same behavior and their ratings are compared?

Accepted Answer

Inter-rater reliability

Question 6

A study uses a convenience sample of university students to investigate stress levels. What is a major limitation of this sampling method?

Accepted Answer

Results may not generalize to the broader population.

Question 7

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of validity in psychological measurement?

Accepted Answer

A test accurately measures the construct it is intended to measure.

Question 8

In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is called the:

Accepted Answer

Independent variable

Question 9

Which research design is best suited for determining cause and effect relationships?

Accepted Answer

Experimental

Question 10

A psychologist wants to ensure that their study can be repeated by other researchers and yield similar results. Which characteristic of quality scientific research does this refer to?

Accepted Answer

It can be replicated

Question 11

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of using random sampling in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

It is not always possible to implement.

Question 12

A researcher finds a statistically significant difference between two groups. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

The difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a positively skewed distribution?

Accepted Answer

Most scores are low, with a long tail to the right.

Question 14

Why is it important for scientific research to be made public?

Accepted Answer

To allow others to evaluate, replicate, and build upon the findings.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of social desirability bias in a psychological study?

Accepted Answer

Participants change their answers to appear more favorable to the experimenter.

Question 16

A researcher wants to study the relationship between sleep and academic performance but does not manipulate any variables. Which research design is being used?

Accepted Answer

Correlational

Question 17

Which of the following is a method to reduce participant bias in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Using a double-blind procedure

Question 18

In psychological research, what is the main ethical concern with using deception?

Accepted Answer

It may cause harm or distress to participants if not properly justified and debriefed.

Question 19

Which formula would you use to calculate the mean of a set of scores $$x_1$$, $$x_2$$, ..., x_n$$?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Mean} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i}{n}$$

Question 20

A researcher wants to measure the reliability of a new anxiety questionnaire. She gives the test to the same group of participants twice, two weeks apart, and compares the scores. Which type of reliability is she assessing?

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability

Foundations of Scientific Research in Psychology: Measurement, Reliability, Validity, and Research Design

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