Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of statistics in health sciences?

Accepted Answer

To collect and use sample data to make conclusions about populations.

Question 2

A researcher wants to estimate the average blood pressure of all adults in a city. She measures the blood pressure of 200 randomly selected adults. In this context, what is the population?

Accepted Answer

All adults in the city.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a voluntary response sample?

Accepted Answer

A radio station asks listeners to call in and vote for their favorite song.

Question 4

Which of the following is a parameter?

Accepted Answer

The average height of all students in a university.

Question 5

A study finds that 60% of a randomly selected group of 1000 adults prefer tea over coffee. What is this value called?

Accepted Answer

Statistic

Question 6

Which of the following data types is best described as continuous?

Accepted Answer

The time (in seconds) it takes for a chemical reaction to complete.

Question 7

Which level of measurement is represented by the following data: 'Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior'?

Accepted Answer

Ordinal

Question 8

A researcher records the birth years of participants (e.g., 1980, 1995, 2001). What is the level of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Interval

Question 9

Which sampling method involves dividing the population into subgroups and then randomly selecting members from each subgroup?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 10

A pharmaceutical company tests a new drug by randomly assigning patients to either a treatment group or a placebo group. Neither the patients nor the researchers know who receives the drug. What is this experimental design called?

Accepted Answer

Double-blind

Question 11

Which of the following best describes confounding in an experiment?

Accepted Answer

When the effects of two or more variables cannot be distinguished from each other.

Question 12

A researcher collects data on the number of hospital visits per year for each patient. What type of data is this?

Accepted Answer

Discrete quantitative

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of data at the nominal level of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Types of energy drinks preferred by students.

Question 14

A study measures the effect of a new diet on cholesterol levels by assigning participants to either the new diet or their usual diet, then measuring cholesterol after 6 months. What type of study is this?

Accepted Answer

Experiment

Question 15

Which of the following statements about statistical significance is correct?

Accepted Answer

An event is statistically significant if the likelihood of it occurring by chance is 5% or less.

Question 16

A researcher uses every 10th patient from a list to participate in a study. What sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Systematic sampling

Question 17

Which of the following is a key advantage of using a simple random sample?

Accepted Answer

Every possible sample of the same size has an equal chance of being chosen.

Question 18

A study collects data on the favorite color of 500 randomly selected students. What is the level of measurement for this data?

Accepted Answer

Nominal

Question 19

Which of the following best describes a retrospective (case-control) study?

Accepted Answer

Data are collected from a past time period by going back in time.

Question 20

A researcher divides a city into 10 districts, randomly selects 3 districts, and surveys all households in those districts. What sampling method is used?

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling

Introduction to Statistics: Foundations, Data Types, and Sampling Methods

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