Ch. 1 - Introduction to Statistics

Larson - Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World 8th Edition

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Larson 8th Edition

Ch. 1 - Introduction to Statistics

Problem 1.3.20a

Chapter 1, Problem 1.3.20a

Researchers in Japan tested the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in treating late teenagers with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Thirty-seven 18- to 19-year-old teenagers with SAD took part in the study. The patients were assigned at random to receive a daily dose of either CBD or a placebo for 4 weeks. Symptoms were measured using The Fear of Negative Evaluation Questionnaire and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale at the beginning and end of the treatment. (Source: Frontiers in Psychology)
a. Identify the experimental units and treatments used in this experiment.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Define the experimental units. Experimental units are the individuals or objects on which the experiment is conducted. In this case, the experimental units are the 37 teenagers aged 18-19 who have social anxiety disorder (SAD).

Step 2: Identify the treatments. Treatments refer to the conditions or interventions applied to the experimental units. Here, the treatments are the daily doses of cannabidiol (CBD) and the placebo administered to the teenagers over a 4-week period.

Step 3: Explain the random assignment. Random assignment ensures that each experimental unit has an equal chance of receiving either treatment, reducing bias and confounding variables. In this study, the teenagers were randomly assigned to receive either CBD or the placebo.

Step 4: Describe the measurement tools. The researchers used The Fear of Negative Evaluation Questionnaire and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale to measure symptoms of social anxiety disorder at the beginning and end of the treatment period.

Step 5: Highlight the purpose of the experiment. The goal of the study was to test the effect of CBD in treating social anxiety disorder in late teenagers by comparing symptom changes between the CBD and placebo groups.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Experimental Units

Experimental units are the smallest division of experimental material to which a treatment is applied. In this study, the experimental units are the 37 teenagers aged 18 to 19 with social anxiety disorder. Each teenager represents an individual unit that receives either the treatment (CBD) or the control (placebo) to assess the effects of the intervention.

Random Assignment

Random assignment is a technique used to ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any treatment group. This process helps eliminate bias and confounding variables, allowing for a more accurate assessment of the treatment's effect. In this study, the teenagers were randomly assigned to either the CBD group or the placebo group, which strengthens the validity of the results.

Measurement Scales

Measurement scales are tools used to quantify variables in research. In this experiment, two specific scales were used: The Fear of Negative Evaluation Questionnaire and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. These scales provide a structured way to measure the severity of social anxiety symptoms before and after the treatment, allowing researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of CBD compared to the placebo.

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Textbook Question

A company wants to test the effectiveness of a new acne cream. The company recruits 500 girls ages 13 to 17 who have acne. The subjects are randomly assigned into two groups. One group is given the acne cream and the other is given a placebo that looks exactly like the acne cream. Both groups apply the cream daily for two months. Facial photos are taken at the beginning and end of the treatment to compare results.

b. Identify a potential problem with the experimental design being used and suggest a way to improve it.

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Textbook Question

Identify the experimental units and treatments used in this experiment.

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Textbook Question

Determine whether the survey question is biased. If the question is biased, suggest a better wording.

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Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative, and determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain your reasoning.

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Textbook Question

Identify the sampling technique used, and discuss potential sources of bias (if any). Explain.

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Textbook Question

"Researchers in Japan tested the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in treating late teenagers with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Thirty-seven 18- to 19-year-old teenagers with SAD took part in the study. The patients were assigned at random to receive a daily dose of either CBD or a placebo for 4 weeks. Symptoms were measured using The Fear of Negative Evaluation Questionnaire and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale at the beginning and end of the treatment. (Source: Frontiers in Psychology)

Identify a potential problem with the experimental design being used and suggest a way to improve it."

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