Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

8. Joints

Joint Movements

Anatomy & Physiology

8. Joints

Joint Movements

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3: minutes

Problem 13

Textbook Question

Standing on tiptoe is an example of___at the ankle.
(a) elevation
(b) flexion
(c) extension
(d) retraction

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the movement described in the problem: Standing on tiptoe involves raising the heel off the ground while the toes remain in contact with the surface. This movement occurs at the ankle joint.

Identify the type of joint involved: The ankle joint is a hinge joint that allows movements such as dorsiflexion (bringing the toes upward) and plantar flexion (pointing the toes downward).

Analyze the motion: When standing on tiptoe, the foot is pointed downward, which is a movement known as plantar flexion. This action increases the angle between the shin (tibia) and the top of the foot.

Match the motion to the correct term: Among the options provided, the term that best describes the downward pointing of the foot at the ankle is 'flexion,' specifically plantar flexion.

Confirm the correct answer: Based on the anatomical definition of flexion and the specific movement at the ankle joint, the correct answer is (b) flexion.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Ankle Movements

The ankle joint allows for various movements that are essential for activities like walking and running. Key movements include dorsiflexion (lifting the foot upwards), plantarflexion (pointing the foot downwards), inversion, and eversion. Understanding these movements is crucial for identifying specific actions like standing on tiptoe.

Elevation

Elevation refers to the upward movement of a body part. In the context of the ankle, it describes the action of raising the heel while standing on tiptoe, which increases the angle between the foot and the ground. This movement is essential for activities that require balance and stability.

Flexion and Extension

Flexion and extension are movements that decrease or increase the angle between body parts, respectively. While flexion typically involves bending a joint, extension involves straightening it. In the case of the ankle, these terms are more relevant to the movement of the foot rather than the action of standing on tiptoe, which primarily involves elevation.