Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

8. Joints

Joint Movements

Anatomy & Physiology

8. Joints

Joint Movements

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1:53 minutes

Problem 13

Textbook Question

Compare and contrast the paired movements of flexion and extension with adduction and abduction.

Verified step by step guidance

Define flexion and extension: Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, such as bending the elbow or knee. Extension is the opposite movement, increasing the angle between two body parts, such as straightening the elbow or knee.

Provide examples of flexion and extension: Flexion occurs when you bend your arm at the elbow to bring your hand closer to your shoulder. Extension occurs when you straighten your arm back to its original position.

Define adduction and abduction: Adduction refers to a movement that brings a limb closer to the midline of the body, such as moving your arm inward toward your torso. Abduction is the opposite movement, taking a limb away from the midline, such as raising your arm outward to the side.

Provide examples of adduction and abduction: Adduction occurs when you lower your arm back to your side after raising it. Abduction occurs when you lift your arm sideways away from your body.

Compare and contrast the movements: Flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane and primarily involve changes in the angle of joints, while adduction and abduction occur in the frontal plane and involve movements toward or away from the midline of the body. Both pairs of movements are essential for functional mobility and are controlled by specific muscle groups.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Flexion and Extension

Flexion and extension are movements that occur in the sagittal plane. Flexion decreases the angle between two body parts, such as bending the elbow, while extension increases the angle, like straightening the arm. These movements are fundamental in various physical activities and are essential for understanding joint mechanics.

Adduction and Abduction

Adduction and abduction are movements that occur in the frontal plane. Adduction refers to moving a limb toward the midline of the body, such as bringing the arms down to the sides, while abduction involves moving a limb away from the midline, like raising the arms sideways. These movements are crucial for activities that require lateral motion.

Plane of Movement

The plane of movement refers to the specific direction in which a movement occurs. Flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane, which divides the body into left and right halves, while adduction and abduction occur in the frontal plane, dividing the body into front and back halves. Understanding these planes is essential for analyzing human movement and biomechanics.