Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Introduction to Membrane Transport

Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Introduction to Membrane Transport

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Multiple Choice

During depolarization, which gradient(s) drive Na+ ions into the cell?

Only the chemical gradient

Only the electrical gradient

Both the electrical and chemical gradients

Neither gradient

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of depolarization: Depolarization is the process during which the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive) due to the influx of positively charged ions, such as Na+ (sodium ions). This occurs in excitable cells like neurons and muscle cells.

Identify the gradients involved: Gradients refer to differences in concentration (chemical gradient) and charge (electrical gradient) across the cell membrane. The chemical gradient drives Na+ ions from areas of high concentration (outside the cell) to areas of low concentration (inside the cell). The electrical gradient drives Na+ ions toward the negatively charged interior of the cell.

Combine the effects of both gradients: During depolarization, both the chemical gradient (high concentration of Na+ outside the cell) and the electrical gradient (negative charge inside the cell) work together to drive Na+ ions into the cell. This is known as the electrochemical gradient.

Relate this to the sodium channels: Voltage-gated sodium channels open during depolarization, allowing Na+ ions to flow into the cell down their electrochemical gradient. This influx of Na+ ions contributes to the rapid change in membrane potential.

Conclude the reasoning: Since both the chemical gradient and the electrical gradient are responsible for driving Na+ ions into the cell during depolarization, the correct answer is 'Both the electrical and chemical gradients.'