Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Nucleic Acids

Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Nucleic Acids

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about DNA structure is true?

The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented antiparallel to each other.

Nucleic acids are formed through phosphodiester bonds that link complementary nucleobases together.

Hydrogen bonds formed between the sugar-phosphate backbones of the two DNA chains stabilize the structure.

The pentose sugar in DNA is ribose (containing two hydroxyl groups).

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Understand the basic structure of DNA: DNA is composed of two strands that form a double helix. Each strand is made up of nucleotides, which consist of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Identify the orientation of the DNA strands: The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, which is referred to as being 'antiparallel'. This means one strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction, while the other runs 3' to 5'.

Examine the bonding between nucleotides: Nucleotides within a single strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds, which connect the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide.

Clarify the role of hydrogen bonds: Hydrogen bonds form between complementary nitrogenous bases on the opposite strands (e.g., adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine), not between the sugar-phosphate backbones.

Differentiate between DNA and RNA sugars: The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, which lacks one oxygen atom compared to ribose found in RNA. Deoxyribose has only one hydroxyl group, not two.

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Textbook Question

Mark the following properties as belonging to either DNA or RNA.

a. Contains the nucleotides A, G, C, and U _________

b. Found only in the nucleus of the cell _________

c. Can move in and out of the cell's nucleus _________

d. Contains two strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds _________

e. Contains the code for every protein in the body _________

f. Contains the sugar ribose _________

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Textbook Question

The drug methotrexate is used to treat several different types of cancer and diseases of the immune system. It works by inhibiting an enzyme in the cell necessary for folic acid synthesis. Without folic acid, the cell cannot make nucleotides. What, specifically, does an enzyme do in the cell? Why would inhibiting this enzyme disrupt folic acid synthesis? What effect would a disruption in folic acid synthesis have on the cell as a whole? (Hint: Think about the role that folic acid plays in the cell.) (Connects to Chapter 2)

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

The four nitrogenous bases commonly found if DNA are:

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