Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Carbohydrates

Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Carbohydrates

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2:03 minutes

Problem 1

Textbook Question

What are three ways monosaccharides differ from one another?

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Identify the three main characteristics that can vary among monosaccharides: carbon chain length, functional groups, and stereochemistry.

Discuss how the carbon chain length can differ, noting that monosaccharides can have three to seven carbon atoms, leading to different types such as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, and heptoses.

Explain the variation in functional groups, focusing on the presence of an aldehyde group (aldoses) or a ketone group (ketoses) in the monosaccharide structure.

Describe stereochemistry differences, emphasizing the importance of chiral centers and how the spatial arrangement of atoms can lead to different isomers, such as D- and L- forms.

Summarize how these differences in carbon chain length, functional groups, and stereochemistry contribute to the diversity of monosaccharides and their biological roles.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Structural Differences

Monosaccharides can differ in their structural arrangement, which includes variations in the number of carbon atoms, the arrangement of hydroxyl groups, and the presence of functional groups. For example, glucose and fructose both have six carbon atoms but differ in the arrangement of their atoms, leading to different properties and functions.

Isomerism

Monosaccharides can exist as isomers, which are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. This includes structural isomers, like glucose and galactose, which have different arrangements of atoms, and stereoisomers, which differ in the spatial orientation of their atoms, affecting their biological activity.

Ring vs. Linear Forms

Monosaccharides can exist in both linear and ring forms, with the ring form being more stable in aqueous solutions. The conversion between these forms can influence their reactivity and interactions with other molecules, such as enzymes and other carbohydrates, which can lead to different metabolic pathways.