Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

16. The Endocrine System

Hormone Review Table

Anatomy & Physiology

16. The Endocrine System

Hormone Review Table

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Problem 15

Textbook Question

Which two hormones are released by the kidneys, and what is the importance of each hormone?

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the two primary hormones released by the kidneys: erythropoietin (EPO) and calcitriol.

Explain the role of erythropoietin (EPO): This hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. It is released in response to low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxia).

Describe the importance of red blood cell production: Red blood cells are essential for transporting oxygen throughout the body, ensuring tissues receive adequate oxygen for cellular respiration and energy production.

Explain the role of calcitriol: Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, which is synthesized by the kidneys. It helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood by promoting absorption in the intestines and reabsorption in the kidneys.

Describe the importance of calcium and phosphate regulation: Proper levels of calcium and phosphate are crucial for maintaining strong bones, nerve function, muscle contraction, and overall cellular processes.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. Its primary function is to stimulate the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, which enhances the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. This process is crucial for maintaining adequate oxygen supply to tissues, especially during conditions like anemia or high altitude.

Renin

Renin is an enzyme and hormone secreted by the kidneys that plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure. It initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by converting angiotensinogen, produced by the liver, into angiotensin I. This process ultimately leads to increased blood pressure through vasoconstriction and fluid retention, making it vital for maintaining cardiovascular health.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal regulation refers to the complex interactions between hormones that control various physiological processes in the body. In the context of kidney function, hormones like EPO and renin are essential for regulating blood cell production and blood pressure, respectively. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is crucial for comprehending how the body maintains homeostasis and responds to physiological changes.

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Textbook Question

The major stimulus for the release of parathyroid hormone is:

a. Hormonal

b. Humoral

c. Neural

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Textbook Question

More than one choice may apply. The major endocrine organs of the body

a. Tend to be very large organs

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d. Tend to lie near the midline of the body

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Textbook Question

Describe the body location of each of the following endocrine organs: anterior pituitary, pineal gland, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes. Then, for each organ, name its hormones and their effect(s) on body processes. Finally, for each hormone, list the important results of its hypersecretion or hyposecretion.

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Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

Excess secretion of thyroid hormones produces weight gain, cold intolerance, and slow heart rate.

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