Textbook Question
The osmotic concentration of the ECF decreases if an individual gains water without a corresponding:
(a) Gain of electrolytes
(b) Loss of water
(c) Fluid shift from the ECF to the ICF
(d) All of these
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26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance
Fluid Balance
Problem 2
Textbook Question
The principal anions in the ICF are:
(a) Phosphate and proteins (Pr⁻)
(b) Phosphate and bicarbonate
(c) Sodium and chloride
(d) Sodium and potassium
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the context of the problem: The question is asking about the principal anions (negatively charged ions) found in the intracellular fluid (ICF). The ICF is the fluid within cells, and its composition differs significantly from the extracellular fluid (ECF).
Recall the key ions in the ICF: The intracellular fluid is rich in potassium (K⁺) as the primary cation (positively charged ion) and contains specific anions to balance the charge. The principal anions in the ICF are phosphate (PO₄³⁻) and proteins (Pr⁻).
Eliminate incorrect options: (c) Sodium and chloride are primarily found in the extracellular fluid (ECF), not the ICF. (d) Sodium and potassium are cations, not anions, so this option is incorrect. (b) Phosphate and bicarbonate are not the primary anions in the ICF; bicarbonate is more prominent in the ECF.
Focus on the correct answer: (a) Phosphate and proteins (Pr⁻) are the principal anions in the ICF. Phosphate plays a role in energy storage (e.g., ATP), and proteins contribute to cellular functions and charge balance.
Conclude the reasoning: Based on the composition of the ICF, the correct answer is (a). This aligns with the physiological distribution of ions in the intracellular environment.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Intracellular fluid (ICF) refers to the liquid found inside cells, which constitutes a significant portion of total body water. It is essential for maintaining cellular function, providing a medium for biochemical reactions, and facilitating the transport of nutrients and waste products. The composition of ICF is distinct from extracellular fluid, particularly in its ionic makeup.
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Anions in ICF
Anions are negatively charged ions that play crucial roles in cellular processes. In the context of ICF, the primary anions include phosphate ions (HPO₄²⁻) and proteins, which contribute to the cell's overall charge balance and are vital for various metabolic functions. Understanding the specific anions present in ICF is key to grasping cellular homeostasis and function.
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Electrolyte Balance
Electrolyte balance refers to the proper concentration of ions in body fluids, which is critical for maintaining physiological functions such as nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and hydration. In ICF, the balance of anions and cations (like potassium and sodium) is essential for cellular activities. Disruptions in this balance can lead to significant health issues, highlighting the importance of understanding the roles of different ions.
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