Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Fluid Balance

Anatomy & Physiology

26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Fluid Balance

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Problem 3

Textbook Question

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor the osmotic concentration of the ECF and secrete _______ in response to higher osmotic concentrations.
(a) BNP
(b) ANP
(c) aldosterone
(d) ADH

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the role of osmoreceptors: Osmoreceptors are specialized cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF). When the osmotic concentration increases, it indicates dehydration or a higher solute concentration in the blood.

Identify the hormone responsible for water retention: The hypothalamus responds to higher osmotic concentrations by stimulating the release of a hormone that helps the body retain water and reduce osmotic concentration.

Review the functions of the listed hormones: (a) BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide) and (b) ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) are involved in reducing blood pressure and promoting sodium excretion, not water retention. (c) Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium balance but does not directly respond to osmotic concentration changes. (d) ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) is responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, which directly addresses higher osmotic concentrations.

Connect ADH to the hypothalamus: The hypothalamus produces ADH, which is stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. ADH acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, thereby diluting the blood and lowering osmotic concentration.

Conclude that the correct answer is ADH: Based on the physiological role of ADH in response to higher osmotic concentrations, it is the hormone secreted by the hypothalamus in this scenario.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation is the process by which organisms regulate the osmotic pressure of their body fluids to maintain homeostasis. In humans, osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus detect changes in the osmotic concentration of extracellular fluid (ECF), which is crucial for maintaining fluid balance and proper physiological function.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

ADH, or Antidiuretic Hormone, is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a vital role in regulating water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus concentrating urine and reducing water loss when osmotic concentrations are high.

Hormonal Response to Osmotic Changes

The body responds to changes in osmotic concentration through various hormones. When osmotic pressure increases, osmoreceptors trigger the release of ADH, which helps to conserve water. This hormonal response is essential for preventing dehydration and maintaining blood pressure and volume.

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Textbook Question

The primary components of the ECF are:

(a) Lymph and cerebrospinal fluid

(b) Plasma and serous fluids

(d) All of these

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Textbook Question

The principal anions in the ICF are:

(a) Phosphate and proteins (Pr⁻)

(b) Phosphate and bicarbonate

(d) Sodium and potassium

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Textbook Question

Drinking a solution hypotonic to the ECF causes the ECF to:

(a) Increase in volume and become hypertonic to the ICF

(b) Decrease in volume and become hypertonic to the ICF

(d) Increase in volume and become hypotonic to the ICF

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Textbook Question

What are fluid shifts? What is their function, and what factors can cause them?

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Textbook Question

Identify four hormones that mediate major physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance. What are the primary effects of each hormone?

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Textbook Question

Dan has been lost in the desert for 2 days with very little water. As a result of this exposure, you would expect to observe which of the following?

(a) Increased ADH levels

(b) Decreased blood osmolarity

(d) Increased blood volume

(e) Cells enlarged with fluid

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Textbook Question

Yuka is dehydrated, so her physician prescribes intravenous fluids. The attending nurse becomes distracted and erroneously gives Yuka a hypertonic glucose solution instead of normal saline. What effect will this mistake have on Yuka’s plasma ADH levels and urine volume?

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Textbook Question

Effects of aldosterone include:

a. Increase in sodium ion excretion

b. Increase in water retention

c. Increase in potassium ion concentration in the urine

d. Higher blood pressure

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