Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

19. The Blood Vessels

Introduction to Blood Vessels

Anatomy & Physiology

19. The Blood Vessels

Introduction to Blood Vessels

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Problem 3

Textbook Question

Cardiovascular function is regulated by all of the following except:
(a) Local factors
(b) Neural factors
(c) Endocrine factors
(d) Venous return
(e) Conscious control

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the question by identifying the key concept being tested, which is the regulation of cardiovascular function. This involves mechanisms that control heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow.

Step 2: Review the listed options and their roles in cardiovascular regulation. Local factors (a) include mechanisms like autoregulation, where tissues adjust blood flow based on their needs. Neural factors (b) involve the autonomic nervous system, which controls heart rate and vessel constriction/dilation. Endocrine factors (c) include hormones like adrenaline and angiotensin that influence cardiovascular function. Venous return (d) affects stroke volume and cardiac output.

Step 3: Consider the option 'conscious control' (e). Conscious control typically refers to voluntary actions controlled by the somatic nervous system, which does not directly regulate cardiovascular function. Cardiovascular regulation is primarily involuntary and controlled by autonomic and endocrine systems.

Step 4: Eliminate the options that are clearly involved in cardiovascular regulation (local, neural, endocrine factors, and venous return). Focus on the option that does not fit the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation.

Step 5: Conclude that the correct answer is the option that does not align with the involuntary control mechanisms of cardiovascular function, which is 'conscious control.'

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Cardiovascular Regulation

Cardiovascular regulation refers to the mechanisms that control heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow. This regulation is influenced by various factors, including local, neural, and endocrine signals, which work together to maintain homeostasis and respond to physiological demands.

Local Factors

Local factors in cardiovascular function include changes in the tissue environment, such as oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, and pH. These factors can lead to vasodilation or vasoconstriction, allowing blood flow to be adjusted according to the metabolic needs of specific tissues.

Neural and Endocrine Factors

Neural factors involve the autonomic nervous system's influence on heart rate and vascular tone, while endocrine factors include hormones like adrenaline and norepinephrine that affect cardiovascular function. Both systems work in concert to modulate cardiovascular responses to stress, exercise, and other stimuli.

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