Question 1

Which of the following best explains why albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and crucial for maintaining blood osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Albumin helps retain water in the bloodstream by contributing to plasma osmotic pressure.

Question 2

A patient presents with a hematocrit of 65% after using erythropoietin (EPO) injections for athletic performance. What is the most likely physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity, raising the risk of clotting and stroke.

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the development of erythrocytes during erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Hematopoietic stem cell → Myeloid stem cell → Proerythroblast → Basophilic erythroblast → Polychromatic erythroblast → Orthochromatic erythroblast → Reticulocyte → Erythrocyte

Question 4

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which mechanism best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

The kidneys fail to produce adequate erythropoietin, reducing RBC production.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the fate of the heme group from hemoglobin after erythrocyte destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is degraded to bilirubin, transported to the liver, and excreted in bile.

Question 6

A patient with type B blood receives a transfusion of AB blood. What is the most likely immediate outcome?

Accepted Answer

The patient's anti-A antibodies will agglutinate with the A antigens in the donor blood.

Question 7

Which of the following is a primary function of neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytize bacteria and kill them with defensins and oxidizing substances.

Question 8

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin K is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired synthesis of clotting factors, leading to bleeding disorders.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why individuals with sickle-cell trait (heterozygous for HbS) have a survival advantage in malaria-endemic regions?

Accepted Answer

Sickled cells are destroyed more rapidly, removing malaria parasites with them.

Question 10

Which of the following is the most likely cause of petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin) in a patient undergoing chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow suppression.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They form a temporary plug by adhering to exposed collagen fibers at a vessel injury site.

Question 12

A patient with a large buffy coat in their hematocrit is most likely experiencing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Severe infection leading to increased leukocytes.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating hematocrit ($$Hct) $$given the volume of erythrocytes ($$V_{RBC}) $$and the total blood volume ($$V_{total}$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$Hct = \frac{V_{RBC}}{V_{total}} 	imes 100$$

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why a mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous?

Accepted Answer

Preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood bind and agglutinate the donated cells.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of eosinophils?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of parasitic worms and modulation of allergic responses.

Question 16

A patient with hemophilia A is deficient in which clotting factor?

Accepted Answer

Factor VIII

Question 17

Which blood type is considered the universal donor for red blood cell transfusions?

Accepted Answer

O negative

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of a lack of erythrocytes (anemia) on body function?

Accepted Answer

Impaired oxygen transport to tissues.

Question 19

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of granulocytes compared to agranulocytes?

Accepted Answer

Presence of visible cytoplasmic granules when stained.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why iron must be bound to proteins such as transferrin in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Free iron ions are toxic and can cause tissue damage.

Blood: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance

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